2M - Endocrine System, Women & Men's Health

• pineal gland

• pituitary gland

• thyroid gland

• adrenal gland

• pancreas

• ovaries

what are the six glands?

melatonin

hormone of pineal gland

melatonin

Biological Clock, they regulate the sleep and wake cycle of a person

many

target organs of melatonin

• FSH/LH

• ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

• GH (Growth Hormone)

• oxytocin

• prolactin

hormones of pituitary gland

• ovaries

• kidney

• many

• uterus

• breast tissue

target organs of pituitary glands hormone in sequence

thyroxin

thyroid gland hormone

liver

target tissue of thyroxin

FSH/LH

hormone for Menstrual Cycle

ADH

hormone for Fluid regulation in the body(Osmoregul ation)

GH

hormone for Growth&division

oxytoxin

hormone for Birth contractions

prolactin

hormone for Milk production

thyroxin

hormone for Metabolic rate

• adrenaline

• cortisol

adrenal gland hormones

many (both)

target organs of adrenal gland hormones in sequence

adrenaline

hormone for Fight or flight

cortisol

hormone for Anti-stress

Insluin/ Glucagon

pancreas hormone

liver

target organ of Insluin/ Glucagon

Insluin/ Glucagon

hormone for Blood sugar levels

Estrogen/ progesterone

hormone for ovaries

uterus

target organ of Estrogen/ progesterone

Estrogen/ progesterone

hormone for Mens cycle

adrenohypophysis

other name for anterior pituitary gland

• growth hormone

• TSH

• ACTH

• FSH

• LH

• Prolactin

what hormones does APG secretes?

growth hormone

Regulated by two hypothalamic hormones

• GH releasing hormone

• GH inhibiting hormone

wha two hypothalamic hormones regulate growth hormone

somatropin

GH releasing hormone

somatostatin

GH inhibiting hormone

SUBQ and IM only

how are GH given in patients?

because they are inactivated by GI enzymes

why are GH not given orally?

GH

Should be administered before the fusion of epiphyses because they act only on newly forming bones

GH

Prolonged use leads to the increase of blood sugar level because of the antagonization of insulin.

somatropin

stimulates growth of essentially all tissues of the body mostly the bone

somatropin

Drug of choice for a child with growth failure due to inadequate secretion of endogenous growth hormone & dwarfism

• Prader-Willi Syndrome

• severe respiratory impairment

• patients taking corticosteroids

• patients taking antidiabetic drugs

contraindication of GH

• arthralgia

• myalgia

• peripheral edema

• weakness paresthesia,

• cephalgia

side effects of GH

• seizures

• intracranial hypertension

• leukemia

adverse effects of GH

growth hormone suppressant drugs

For patients with excess secretion of growth hormone, gigantism, acromegaly

pegvisomant

GH receptor antagonist drug

pegvisomant

blocks GH receptor site (drug)

• hyperhidrosis

• cephalgia

• fatigue

side effects of pegvisomant

• chest pain

• hypertension

• elevated hepatic transaminase

adverse effect of pegvisomant

• lanreotide acetate

• ocrteotide acetate

somatostatin analogues

lanreotide acetate

prevents pituitary gland secrete growth hormone (drug)

lanreotide acetate

depot formulation drug

lanreotide acetate

Last for 28 days after deep subcutaneous injection

every 4 weeks

interval of lanreotide acetate

28 days

how many days does lanreotide acetate last after dep subq injection

• Diarrhea

• abdominal pain

• nausea & vomiting

• constipation

• weight loss

• flatulence

side effects of lanreotide acetate

• bromocriptine mesylate

dopamine agonists drugs

bromocriptine mesylate

inhibits the secretion of GH caused by tumor in pituitary gland

oral formulation

formulation of bromocriptine mesylate

• nausea

• anorexia

• dyspepsia

• xerostomia

side effects of bromocriptine mesylate

• hypertension

• myocardial infarction

• stroke seizure

adverse effects of bromocriptine mesylate

TSH

stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

TSH

Used as diagnostic agent to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothyroidism

octreotide acetate

inhibits secretion of GH (drug)

adenocorticotropic hormone

A hormone released by pituitary corticotrophs

ACTH

Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), and androgen

diurnal rhythm

meaning the secretion is higher in the morning and decreases throughout the day

cosyntropin

A synthetic ACTH

cosyntropin

stimulates production of and release of cortisol, corticosterone, and androgens

cosyntropin

Used for diagnostic purposes to differentiate between pituitary and adrenal cause of adrenal insufficiency

IV and IM

routes of cosyntropin

peripheral edema

side effects of cosyntropin

• bradycardia

• hypertension

• sinus

• tachycardia

adverse effect of cosyntropin

corticotropin

exogenous ACTH

corticotropin

control the synthesis of ACTH

plasma cortisol concentration

should be measured just before and 30-60 minutes after administration of cosyntropin

corticotropin

available as Repository Corticotropin Injection (RCI)

corticotropin

primarily used to diagnose adrenal gland disorder, treat multiple sclerosis, and infant spasms

IM and SUBQ

route of corticotropin

neurohypophysis

other name of posterior pituitary gland

• ADH

• oxytocin

what hormones does the PPG secrete?

diabetes insipidus

decrease amount of circulating ADH

diabetes insipidus

Excessive urination which leads to severe dehydration and electrolyte loss

diabetes insipidus

Kidney tubules fail to reabsorb water

• Excretion of large amounts of dilute urine

• polydipsia, dehydration

• inability to concentrate urine which again is manifested with dilute urine

• low urine specific gravity

SSx of diabetes insipidus

antidiuretic hormone therapy drugs

promotes water reabsorption from the renal tubules

patients with renal disease

contraindication of antidiuretic hormone therapy drugs

• desmopressin acetate

• vasopressin

example of antidiuretic hormone therapy drugs

• oral

• intranasal

• IV

• SUBQ

route for desmopressin acetate

desmopressin acetate

Given to patients with Hemophilia A or von Willebrand Disease Type 1

• IM

• intranasal

route of vasopressin

vasopressin

Introduce the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone which increases the serum cortisol level

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

Increased amount of circulating ADH

SIADH

Excessive amount of water expanding the intracellular and intravascular volume

SIADH

Water intoxication and delusional hyponatremia

• fluid overload

• changes in (?)

• mental status

SSx of SIADH

vasopressin receptor antagonist

vaptans

• conivaptan

• tolvaptan

• demeclocycline

vaptans drugs

patients with corn allergy

contraindication of conivaptan

conivaptan

Should be administered IV in large veins and rotated every 24 hours, Therefore you need multiple IV sites for this medication.

• Phlebitis

• pain

• edema

• pruritus because of the strong potency of the medication

injection site complications of conivaptan

• Orthostatic hypotensio

• syncope, hypertension

• atrial fibrillation

• electrolyte imbalance

adverse effect of conivaptan

oral

route of tolvaptan

• thirst

• dry mouth

• constipation

• hyperglycemia

• dizziness

• weakness

side effects of tolvaptan