unit developmental psychology

Process of conception and gestation

sperm meets egg

germinal stage: fertalized zygote first two weeks

embryonic stage 2 weeks to months embryo

fetal stage 2 months to birth becomes fetus

teratogens

chemicals or viruses that enter placenta and can harm the

Milestones in physical development (6 m, 1 y, 5y, 10y)

6 months: Sitting without support, rolling over, grasping objects, babbling sounds. 1 year: Crawling, pulling up to stand, saying a few words, using pincer grasp, walking with assistance. 5 years: Running, jumping, throwing and catching a ball, using scissors, riding a bike. 10 years: Improved coordination, skipping, handwriting skills, playing organized sports, increased independence.

Milestones in motor skills (6 m, 1 y, 5y, 10y)

Milestones in motor skills typically occur at different ages. Here are some general milestones:

• At 6 months: Babies can usually roll over, sit with support, and reach for objects.

• At 1 year: Most children can crawl, pull themselves up to stand, and take their first steps.

• At 5 years: Children can typically run, jump, hop on one foot, and catch a ball.

• At 10 years: Motor skills are more refined, and children can perform complex movements like riding a bike or playing sports.

Attachment theory

harlow touch not feed. emotional bond. familiarity causes attatchment, imprinting (konrad lorenz) is cause of attachment

Marry ainsworth

• secure attachment explore happy in presence of mother 60%

• insecure attachment cling to mothers dont like explore 30%

harry harlow

found that infants bond with mothers based on contact rather than nourishment. discovered emotional aspect of attachment

Diana Baumrind

• Psychologist who developed the theory of parenting styles

• Identified three main parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

• Authoritarian parents are strict and controlling

• Authoritative parents are firm but also warm and responsive

• Permissive parents have few rules and are lenient

konrad lorenz

researched imprinting, ducklings comerade lorenz led the duck communist army imprinting cause of attachment

sigmund freud

• Founder of psychoanalysis

• Believed in the importance of unconscious mind

• Proposed psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

• Emphasized role of early childhood experiences in shaping personality

• Developed concepts of id, ego, and superego

nature v nurture

The debate over nature v nurture focuses on the influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on human development and behavior.

parenting styles

Flashcard: Different approaches to parenting that shape a child's development and behavior. Examples include authoritative (firm but supportive), permissive (lenient), and authoritarian (strict and controlling).

jean piaget and cognitive stages

• birth to two years sensorimotor: world through senses: object permanence stranger anxiety

• two to 6-7 years preoperational: words images, intuitive reasoning: pretend play egocentrism lang development

• 7 to 11 years concrete operational: logical thinking concrete events, concrete analogies, arithmetical operations: conservation, mathematical transformations

• 12 to adulthood formal operational: abstract reasoning: abstract thought, moral reasoning

• sell pretty convertible fords

lev vygotsky (zone of proximal development)

what can a child do independentally, what can they do on their own.

The gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance or support from a more knowledgeable person. It emphasizes the importance of scaffolding and social interaction in learning and development.

more emphasis on enviroment social factors

maturational challenges in adolescence

primary and secondary sexual characteristics, selective pruning, metacognition, others thinking, others thinking about them, reaching ideals. Reasoning power

Erik erikson and stages of psychosocial development

infant to 18 months: trust vs mistrust.

18 months to 3 years autonomy vs shame and doubt

3 to 5 years intiative vs guilt

5 to 13 years industry vs inferiority

13 to 21 identity vs role confusion

21 to 39 intimacy vs isolation fift fift cupid

40 to 65 generativity vs stagnation

65 to death ego integrity vs despair

physical and cognitive changes throughout lifespan

Physical and cognitive changes throughout lifespan: The natural and gradual changes that occur in a person's body and mind as they age. This includes changes in physical appearance, motor skills, sensory abilities, memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

how to maximize physical and cognitive function throughout life

“Lifestyle Optimization" - Strategies to enhance physical and cognitive function across lifespan. Includes regular exercise, balanced diet, quality sleep, stress management, social engagement, mental stimulation, and lifelong learning. Aim to maintain optimal health and well-being for a fulfilling and productive life.

kohlberg’s theory of moral developpment

heinz dellima is it ethical to ketchup toilet for sick kids.

• preconventional morality(obedience and punishment, individuality and exchange): do stuff for reward or punishment

• conventional morality(interpersonal relationships, authority and social order): by the books fool. rules sake

• post conventional morality(social contract, universal principles): advanced ethical thinki9ng personal ethical principles. follow other ethical

carol gilligan’s response to kholberg’s theories

men and women are diff. MEN IS LOGICAL INDIVIDUALISTIC, women are taking care of others, more relationships in ethics

gender roles in different societies

"Cultural expectations and behaviors assigned to individuals based on their gender within different societies."

how do sex and gender influence socialization and aspects of development

Sex and gender have significant roles in socialization and development. Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to social and cultural roles. They influence how individuals are socialized and the expectations placed on them. Sex and gender also impact cognitive, emotional, and social development, shaping individuals' beliefs and identities.

sandra bem

gender roles bem sex role inventory

androgynous combining confusing gender traits

aging

mid 20s peak physical and metnal. everything slowly declines, however wisdom and vocabulary general knowledge increase with age. old sage is wise, slow but wise.

james marcia

identity statuses

foreclosure: parents define your identity

moratorium: ill do it later (daniel)

identity diffusion: diffused will and direction (none)

identity achievement: i have achieved identitty

resilience

ability to make best of what do what have

preferential looking

Infants prefer to look at certain stuff over otherw

assimilation

Incorporating new concepts into our current scheme of thinking

tempermant

easy 40% adapts to stuff ez baby me

slow to warm up 15% low activity, somewhat negative, inflexible naye

difficult 10% react negatively cry frequently slow to new situation adrian

35% mixed daniel joshua

prosocial behavior

Behavior intended to benefit others

androgens

sex hormones

estrogens

hormones in women

emerging adulthood

wisdom

Accommodation

Changing schema completely