History of Clinical Psychology

Hippocrates (500-300 BC)

• Also named?

• What framework did he develop? Explain it briefly

• Father of medicine

• The biopsychosocial approach which is a framework that explains physical and psychological disorders by looking at biological, psychological, and social factors

St. Vincent de Paul (late 1500’s)

• Which idea did he propose?

• He proposed that mental and physical illnesses came from natural causes, not witchcraft or demonic possession

Period of Enlightenment

• What was the enlightenment?

• When did it happen?

• A new view that mental health problems could be analyzed, understood and solved, and that science could now be applied to the human experience

• Late 1700’s

How was treatment for mental illness before the Period of Enlightenment?

Treatment was often inhumane: patients were isolated, living conditions were poor, aggressive patients were chained, and treatments included bleeding, leeches, knives, (to reduce “excess blood” or agitation) or immersion in cold water.

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

Director of a major asylum in Paris, ordered chains to be removed from patients and that patients be treated humanely

Willam Tuke (1732-1822)

He pioneered a model or moral treatment focused on dignity and respect by advocating for humane care in hospitals as well as founding the York Retreat which was a country retreat where patients could work and live while healing

Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)

• Also known as?

• What did he do?

• Father of American Psychiatry

• Advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and wrote the first American textbook on psychiatry

Who is known as the Father of American Psychiatry?

Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)

Who is known as the Father of Medicine?

Hippocrates (500-300 BC)

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

• What was he the primary developer of?

• Advanced the study of?

• Who did he mentor?

• Clinical Neurology

• Neurology and hysteria

• Sigmund Freud

Pierre Janet (1859-1947)

• What did he study?

• What did he develop theories on?

• What did he contribute to?

• He studied dissociation and psychological trauma

• Developed theories about the unconscious mind

• The field of psychotherapy

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Founded?

• What were his main theories?

• What techniques did he introduce?

• Psychoanalysis (a method to explore the unconscious mind)

• Unconscious mind, defence mechanisms, psychosexual stages of development

• Free association (saying whatever comes to mind) and Dream analysis (interpreting dreams to uncover unconscious thought)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

• Also known as?

• What did he establish/accomplish?

• What did he study?

• Founding Father of Psychology

• He described Psychology as a science and he wrote the first Psychology Textbook in 1874 Established the first psychology research lab (1879) in Germany.

• Sensation and Perception

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)

• What did he believe about mental disorders?

• What was his approach to classifying mental disorders?

• What was his major contributions?

• He believed all mental disorders were caused by biological factors and couldn’t be effectively treated with the technology of his time

• He studied co-occurring symptoms and coined the term “syndromes”, and classified disorders by their onset and progression

• Majorly contributed to the classification of schizophrenia and laid the foundations for the DSM and ICD

Who coined the term syndromes?

Emil Kraepelin

Who majorly contributed to the classification of schizophrenia?

Emil Kraepelin

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)

• What was his main goal in psychology?

• Accomplishments? (4)

• To measure children’s cognitive abilities and identify those who require extra support

  Accomplishments:

  1. Created the FIRST practical intelligence test

  2. Introduced the concept of mental age

  3. Work led to the development of the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

  4. Developed the Binet-Simon Scale

Binet-Simon scale test?

• Who created it?

• What did this test?

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

• Assessed cognitive abilities through tasks of increasing difficulty

Lewis Terman (1877-1956)

• How did he contribute to intelligence testing?

• What did he revise and expand on?

• What studies did he conduct?

• What did his work establish?

• Advanced Alfred Binet’s work and pioneered research on giftedness

• Binet’s intelligence test —> Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale (1916)

• Genetic Studies of Genius to track high IQ individuals

Who was also known as the Founding Father of Psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who studied gifted children with high IQs?

Lewis Terman

Who revised and expanded Binet’s intelligence test?

Lewis Terman

David Wechsler

• Main accomplishment, what to remember him by?

• Introduced what concept?

• He developed intelligence tests for the entire age range (preschool, children, adults) significantly influencing psychological assessment practices

• Deviation IQ which compares an individuals performance to a normative sample

Who introduced the concept of Deviation IQ and explain what Deviation IQ is

• David Wechsler

• Compares an individual’s performance to a normative sample

What are Projective Tests?

Projective tests evaluate personality and psychological functioning by showing people ambiguous stimuli, and observing their responses that reveal underlying thoughts, feelings and personality traits

Are Projective Tests effective?

They were criticized for lack of standardization, reliability, validity and norms

Psychological Assessment during World War 1

• Purpose?

• What were the tests?

• Developed by?

• There was an emergence of large-scale psychological testing to evaluate and select soldiers

• Army Alpha: verbal test for literate soldiers Army Beta: nonverbal test for illiterate or non-English speaking soldiers

• America, also used in Canada thooo

What were the 3 main legacies that psychological assessment during WW1 had?

1. PSYCHOLOGIST RECOGNITION: Psychologists now recognized for test construction expertise

2. TEST STANDARDS: Standards set for scientifically sound psychological tests

3. APA RECOGNITION: Clinical Psychology officially recognized in APA with a new section (Section on Clinical Psychology 1919)

Psychological Assessment during World War 2

Psychological testing was used to screen for psychological fitness and specialized roles, with refined tests assessing skills such as pilot ability, leadership, and technical expertise

Paul Meehl (1920-2003)

• What did he promote and why?

• What did he publish?

Promoted the use of empirical methods because argued that statistical methods often outperform clinical judgement in predicting outcomes

Who published “Clinical vs. Statistics Prediciton: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence” (1954) ?

Paul Meehl

Walter Mishcel (1930-2018)

• What did he challenge and argue?

• Which model did he propose?

• Which famous test did he conduct?

• Challenged the traditional views of stable personality traits, argued that personality isn’t fixed but is strongly influenced by situational factors

• The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS) to explain how personal and situational factors interact

• The “Marshmallow Test” to study delayed gratification

Who conducted the famous “Marshmallow Test”?

Walter Mischel

Who challenged the traditional views of stable personality traits?

Walter Mischel

What are the changes of Psychological Assessment over the past 3 decades? FINISH

• Assessment data should be obtained from multiple methods (interviews, observations) and multiple informants

• Best practices should be based on assessment methods and measures that have solid scientific support

Clinical Utility

The usefulness of assessment data in improving clinical decisions, making them faster, more accurate, or more cost-effective than if the data weren’t available

Clinical Utility: assessment adds real-world value to treatment or diagnosis