Info Systems Final

multi (parallel)-processing

a large problem can often be divided into smaller ones & solved at the same time

information system components

hardware, software, data, procedures, people

on premise

IT infrastructure hardware & software applications that are hosted on-site

evolution of data storage

significant advancements in capacity, speed, & accessibility

cloud computing pro

minimize costs, get apps running faster, rapidly adjust resources to meet demand, manage firewalls & framework

cloud computing con

"pay as you go" model leads to unexpected operating expenses if admin isn't familiar w/ cloud-pricing models

SaaS

software as a service

PaaS

platform as a service

IaaS

infrastructure as a service

VPN

virtual private network

server

computer that stores & manages information

IP

internet protocol address- unique ID assigned to every device connected to the internet

String

combination of any characters that appear on a keyboard

Character

single letter/number/symbol

Integer

whole numbers

Float

numbers that contain decimal points or fractions

Boolean

used where data is restricted to "true/false" or "yes/no" options

Qualitative nominal data

set of values that don't possess a natural ordering (red, yellow, blue)

Qualitative ordinal data

natural ordering (small, medium, large)

Quantitative discrete data

integers or whole numbers as data

Quantitative continuous

fractional number as data

Unstructured BLOB

images, audio files, video clips

Unstructured CLOB

source remains at native location & references the location of the data (books, medical record)

API

application programming interface- software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other

Sentiment analysis

natural language processing technique used to determine whether data is positive, negative, or neutral

World cloud

used to understand what your audience feels about a topic/situation (summary of their view)

Importance of collecting data

work smartly, move forward with confidence, develop trust, IS tools helps ensure data captured is accurate

Infographic

represents info in a graphical format so data is easily understandable at a glance

100% stacked column

graph that compares % that each value contributes to the total over time

Cluster column

graph that compares values across a few categories

Treemap

graph that visualizes a large number of related categories

Pie chart

graph that compares categories or parts of a whole

Sparkline

tiny chart that shows trends in a series of values

Time series/line graphs

graph that spots trends & tracks change over time

GUI

graphical user interface that uses visual symbols

Good GUI

self-documenting, minimizes data collect errors, enhances understanding

Dashboard

gives instant meaning & insight to thousands of data points

Benchmarking

comparing own data to top performers that helps gain insight on how you are doing compared to competition

Graphicacy

ability to understand & present information in non-textural formats (diagrams, maps, charts)

Elements of information security

confidentiality, integrity, availability

Elements of IT risk

operational, security, compliance, reputational

Types of threats

natural (disasters), unintentional (mistakes), intentional (spying)

Vulnerability

known weakness that can be exploited by attackers

Angler phishing

tricking victim by using info that the victim has posted on social media

APTs

sophisticated, long-term cyber-attacks targeting specific industries

Denial of service attack

make system unusable so denies access/disrupts workflow

Mobile malware

increased targeting of mobile devices by cybercriminals

Insider threats

malicious actions by individuals within an organization

Data breach

information is accessed & extracted w/o authorization

Data leak

data located where it's not supposed to be

Characteristics of high-quality data

accurate, complete, consistent, timely, unique

Data governance

creation & execution of rules, adjudication of violations; similar to 3 branches of government

Master data management

who, what, where

Databases

systematic collection of data, supports electronic storage/manipulation of data, eases data management

Relational database

relationship of data in the form of tables

No SQL database

used for semi-structured or unstructured data; useful for storing large volumes of raw data

Object-oriented databases

provides storage of all data types, stored in the form of objects, each object contains data and methods

SQL

commands to access and manipulate databases; structured query language

Data warehouse

stores cleaned and processed data

Data lake

stores raw data at any scale

Data mesh

decentralization & distribution of data ownership

Steps of ETL

extract, transform, then load

Select from

function to select columns of a table

Select distinct

function used to return only distinct (different) values

SQL where clause

clause that's used only to filter records that fulfill a specified condition

SQL and/or

SQL operator that filters records based on more than one condition

Text quotes

SQL requires single quotes around text values

Numeric quotes

numeric fields should not be enclosed in quotes

SQL order by

SQL keyword that sorts the result-set in order

Syntax-ruled command statements

structure of programming statements that direct action (input, output, print)

Variable

key element for programming: used for calculations, storing values for later use, in decisions

Django

free, python-based, open-source web development that facilitates clean & rational designing of websites

Network protocols

rules that define how data is transmitted between devices on a network

Importance of protocols

allows devices to communicate, ensure data is sent & received correctly, enable the internet to run smoothly

How data travels in a network

data is broken into pieces, then packets are sent through routers & switches, then are reassembled at the destination device

Wired network

devices connect using ethernet cables, offers stable & fast connections

Wireless network

uses wifi or bluetooth to connect devices to a network, convenient but can have interference

Local area network

connects devices that are already close together

Metro area network

connects devices that can span a city

Wide area network

connects devices that stretch across a large geographic area

Personal area network

wireless network that provides communication for devices owned by a single user that work over a short distance

Wireless local area networks

wireless network that provides high-frequency radio waves w/ access point to the internet

Wireless metro area networks

wireless network that serves the range >100 meters

Wireless wide are networks

cellular & satellite communication systems that uses radio waves to transmit data

Satellite communications

provides coverage in remote area where it is difficult to have a tower

Wifi

Wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed data transfer over short distances

Radio frequency identification

passive (powered by the reader) or active (tag powered by a battery)

Global positioning system

navigation system using satellites, a receiver & algorithms to synchronize location, velocity, & time data

Geographic information systems

System that creates, manages, analyzes, & maps all types of geographically referenced data

Ultra wideband technology

technology w/ short-range wireless communication protocol w/ spatial awareness (airtags)

Network performance

measured in terms of bandwidth (bit & bit rate)

Bit

smallest element of data (0 or 1)

Bit rate

number of bits sent or received per unit of time

Internet of things

physical objects that connect & exchange data w/ other devices over the internet or other communication networks

How iot works

sensors & devices, connectivity, data processing, user interface

Cryptocurrency

digital assets exchanged through records maintained by a decentralized system, authenticated by cryptography

Largest cryptocurrency

bitcoin & ether

XRP

cryptocurrency that focuses on fast & inexpensive payments across borders

Solana

focuses on quick transactions involving decentralized applications & digital collectibles

Cardano

focuses on crypto contracts (smart contracts) w/ an emphasis on sustainability