IPHP SEM1 Exam Reviewer LESSON 1-7

Philosophy

The love of wisdom or the love of knowledge.

Socrates

The father of western philosophy who believed that philosophy is the endless quest for truth and advocated for the knowledge of the self as the foundation of knowing.

Aristotle

Defined philosophy as the science of all things and their ultimate causes known by the light of natural reason alone, emphasizing good reasoning as the foundation of knowledge.

Plato

Believed that man is an embodied soul and that the true part of man is the soul, while the body is the prison cell of the soul.

Metaphysics

The branch of philosophy that seeks to answer the nature of reality.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy that is the science of human knowledge.

Ethics or Moral Philosophy

The branch of philosophy that deals with the morality of human action.

Theodicy or Natural Theology

The branch of philosophy that studies the existence and nature of God through human reason alone.

Cosmology

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of matter/corporeal entities.

Aesthetics or the Philosophy of Beauty and Art

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of beauty and art.

Rational Psychology or Philosophical Psychology

The branch of philosophy that studies the origin of life.

Logic

The science and art of correct thinking.

Axiology

The study of human values.

Deontology

The study of duty.

Semantics

The study of the meaning of words and sentences.

Philosophy of the human person

The study of the nature of the human person.

Political Philosophy

The study of how society should be organized and governed.

Philosophy of Science

The branch of philosophy that is concerned with the foundation of science.

Philosophy of Religion

The study of a religion or religions and its concepts and beliefs through philosophical inquiry or criticism.

Philosophy of Technology

The branch of philosophy that is dedicated to the influences of technology on human lives and social effects.

Philosophy of the Environment

Concerned with the implications of man's exploitation of natural resources and the methods of its exploitation.

What is there? (metaphysics)

The branch of philosophy that seeks to answer what constitutes a thing, its causes and effects.

What is known? (epistemology)

The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature ground of knowledge.

How should life be lived? (ethics)

The area of philosophy that defines the principle of goodness of an act.

What is good reasoning? (logic)

A branch of philosophy that deals with the principles validating our reasoning.

Nominal

A classification of definition that examines the root word or origin of the term.

Real

A classification of definition that is made on the thing itself, either intrinsic or extrinsic.

Definiendum

The word to be defined in a definition.

Definiens

The definition in a definition.

Human Nature

The concept of the nature of human beings.

Centrality

The requirement which strengthens the existence of the human person.

Fallacies of Language

Errors in argumentation due to errors in the use of language.

Fallacy of Equivocation

An argument commits this error when one of its terms is used in more than one context.

Fallacy of Ambiguity

This fallacy arises when sentences can be interpreted in multiple ways with equal justification.

Fallacy of Accent

Refers to the stress placed upon a word in a sentence or a syllable.

Fallacy of Composition

This fallacy occurs when a truth of any part is also attributed as the truth of a whole which such part is a member of.

Fallacy of Division

The fallacy is caused when an attribute of a whole is attributed to the member of its parts.

Fallacy of Specific Accidents

This fallacy is also called ambiguous extension of term emphasizing the nonessential quality or property of an entity.

Fallacies of Relevance

Fallacies that arise when an arguer fails to address directly the issues to be resolved and uses other means to answer the issues.

Appeal to Force/Threat (Ad baculum)

This fallacy makes use of physical or psychological violence against others if they refuse to accept the conclusions offered.

Argument Against the Person (Argumentum Ab Hominem Abusive)

This argument resorts to personal attacks due to the lack of argument.

Fallacy of Tu Quoque (You Did it Too!)

This form of argument means "you too" because it often occurs when a person is attacked for doing what they are arguing against.

Appeal to Authority (Ad verecundiam)

This fallacy is committed when an argument relies heavily upon the testimony of a non-expert.

Appeal to the Majority/People (Ad Populum)

This fallacy is committed when the argument is directed towards the majority of the populace rather than the validity and strength of the argument itself.

Appeal to Ignorance

This appeal takes its force when an argument is proven to be true since nobody can prove that the contrary is false.

Dicto Simpliciter

This fallacy is committed when the conclusion offered is an oversimplification of a very complex issue.

Hasty Generalization

This fallacy is committed when the conclusion offered is derived from few instances.

Principle of Contradiction

The outright denial of an opposing proposition.

Principle of Subalternation

The truth of a general instance subsumes the truth of a particular instance.

Principle of Contrariety

The truth of a general instance makes an opposing general instance false.

Principle of Subcontrariety

The principle states that there is a plurality of things, indicating a plurality of truths.

Eductive Inference

The four types of simple categorical propositions that imply an equivalent relation or an immediate inference.

Obversion

A type of eductive inference that involves negating the predicate term and changing its quality.

Obversion

The process of immediate inference in which the inferred judgment has for its predicate the complementary class of the original predicate.

Conversion

The process of immediate inference in which the subject and predicate terms of the original proposition are switched.

Contraposition

The process of eduction which combines conversion and obversion to form a contrapositive proposition.

Fallacy of four terms

A syllogistic fallacy that violates the rule of having only three terms in a syllogism.

Fallacy of Excluded Third

A fallacy that occurs when the middle term is particular in both premises, violating the rule that it should be universal at least once.

Fallacy of illicit process

A fallacy that occurs when the quantity of either the major or minor term is particular in the premises and becomes universal in the conclusion.

Fallacy of Illicit Major

An error with the major term in a syllogism.

Fallacy of Illicit Minor

An error with the minor term in a syllogism.

St. Augustine

An early Christian theologian and philosopher who believed that God is the creator of the world and the immortal human soul.

St. Thomas Aquinas

A priest and doctor of the Church who left behind the unfinished masterpiece, the Summa Theologica.

Rene Descartes

A philosopher who believed in the supremacy of the human mind over the body and claimed that the decay of the body does not imply the destruction of the mind.

John Locke

An empiricist who claimed that knowledge is founded on experience and no knowledge can go beyond experience

George Berkeley

An Anglo-Irish philosopher known for his notion “thus existence of things through being perceived”

Christian Perspectives

The Christian belief in the union of the body and soul in the human person, based on biblical truth.

Gospel of Mark

A reminder for Christians about the primacy of the soul over the body and the importance of caring for the soul.

King James

A reference to the Bible, indicating the importance of biblical verses in Christian perspectives.

Modern thoughts

this period centers on the nature of the mind and its relation to the body

Ancient thoughts

the understanding about human person is based on their knowledge and interest of the world

Medieval thoughts

The core of this historical timeline is theodicy, it studies God based on rational account or rational methods