BIO250 - Straighterline microbiology study set Final exam

What microbial process was responsible for changing earths atmosphere from one without oxygen to one with oxygen?

Oxygenic photosynthesis

In the nitrogen cycle, which of the following phases involves the release of nitrogen as N2?

Denitrification

In the secondary phase of wastewater treatment, why is air injected into the sludge as it is stirred and recirculated?

The bioremediators need oxygen

Which of the following microorganisms is used to make yogurt?

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

ATP is a

Nucleotide that releases and stores energy in the cell

A viral capsid is composed of

proteins

which of these are NOT considered a living organism?

Viruses

which of the following describes the order in which different types of RNA are involved in translation?

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

what is the bacterial identification technique that, when positive, results in the bacterium staining two contrasting colors?

Gram staining

Which of the following is found In some, but not all groups of eukaryotic microorganisms?

cell wall

In which instance would a researcher need to use Bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology instead of Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology?

to investigate genetic history of bacterial species

which of the following structures is found in gram-negative bacteria but is absent from gram-positive bacteria?

outer lipid membrane

which type of archaea is able to survive in extremely high concentrations of salt?

halophiles

which of the following is true of prokaryotes, but not true of eukaryotes?

they have cell walls made of peptidoglycan

which of the following is the role of ribosomes?

provide a site for protein synthesis

which of the following are theorized to be the ancestors of chloroplasts?

cyanobacteria

which eukaryotic microorganisms are photoautotrophs?

algae

describe the genetic material that is contained within a virus.

RNA or DNA, not both

in the life cycle of an animal virus, what occurs during adsorption?

the virus attaches to the receptor sites outside the host cell

which of the following viral enzymes converts viral RNA into DNA?

reverse transcriptase

a bacteriophage is what type of microorganism?

virus

what is the key function of a microbe's cell membrane, also known as the cytoplasmic membrane?

it transports nutrients in and wastes out

the outer covering of a virus is called the

capsid

which bacterial cell structure helps locomotion

flagellum

what organism relies only on inorganic minerals without sun for its nutrition?

lithoautotroph

what must a microbe do in active transport to absorb nutrients?

expend energy

why is phosphorus an important nutrient for bacteria?

it is a component of nucleic acids

during which cycle of batch culturing are growing cells most vulnerable to a change in heat?

rapid growth

what is the main process by which bacterial cells reproduce?

binary fission

Appendages possessed by some bacteria that aid in conjugation are called which of the following?

pili

which of the following processes result in synthesis of cell molecules and structures?

anabolism

how is it possible for green surfer bacteria that live on the ocean floor - where no sunlight can reach - to carry on photosynthesis?

they get light from geothermal radiation

which of these bacteria perform photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria

which type of RNA transports the DNA master code to ribosomes?

messenger (mRNA)

pieces of genetic material that are contained within bacteria but replicate independently of the cells chromosomes are called which of the following?

plasmids

which of the following types of RNA is clover shaped and brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

transfer RNA

which of the following is a characteristic of RNA, but not DNA?

the sugar that is a component of the molecular backbone is ribose

a nucleotide is composed of

phosphate, nitrogen, and 5 - carbon sugar

which of the following is a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication?

spontaneous mutation

which of these is a genetic mutation that alters a base but does not change the amino acid?

silent

what type of information is often transferred directly through conjugation between bacterial cells?

drug resistance

what is the process that occurs when a recipient eukaryote cell accepts DNA fragments indirectly from the surrounding environment?

transfection

which type of genetic transfer requires that donor and recipient cells come into contact with each other?

conjugation

which process occurs when a DNA strand is heated?

denaturing

in genetic engineering, the enzyme that is used to rejoin DNA phosphate-sugar bonds that have previously been cut is a(n)

ligase

which of the following are the self -replicating bacterial DNA molecules used in genetic engineering?

plasmids

how do opportunistic pathogens differ from primary or true pathogens?

they require a weakened defense in the host

what type of toxin is secreted by a bacterial cell into infected tissues?

exotoxin

under what circumstances could a fetus be at risk of hemolytic disease?

the RH- mother has previously given birth to an RH+ child

which system is critical for communication between body compartments in an immune response of a host?

lymphatic

which of the following is the sequence of events that occurs during the body's response to an injury?

rubor, tumor, dolor

what is the process by which microorganisms are coated with specific antibodies?

opsonization

what microbial synthesis does penicillin target?

cell wall

why are narrow-spectrum antimicrobials valuable?

target specific bacteria

how do probiotics help control infections?

they improve intestinal biota

Drinking breast milk provides which of the following kinds of protection from disease for the baby?

natural, passive immunity

which of the following is found in high concentration in colostrum and is an important factor in protecting nursing infants from enteric pathogens?

IgA

which of the following antimicrobial proteins is produced by T cells?

interferon gamma

which enzyme in human secretions damage bacterial cell walls?

lysozymes