EDF 6437

Determinism

Behavior is caused by some event and is predictable (lawlessness of behavior)

Empriricism

Info collected through objective observations

Experimentation

Studies to gather info and conclusions

Replication

Repeating experiments

Parsimony

Simple as explanation of behavior

Philosopher, doubt

Conclusions are tentative

Pragmatism

Theories are assessed and term of other success in practical applications

Selectionism

consist of ontogenetic and phylogenic and cultural

Phlogenic

Interaction with person and environment

Ontogenic

Behavior of individual is result of contingency of reinforcement

Cultural

Behavior of each person supports behavior of other members of group

Experiment

Approach to answering questions

Part of an experiment

Question/hypothesis, variables, procedure and design, results and discussion,

Single case design

Experimental control within participant, single subject design

Evidence based practice

Integrating, scientifically, supporting treatments and clinical expertise to intervention recommended service delivery

In a single case design..

Achieve functional control there needs to be a functional relation

Functional relation

Is a demonstration of experimental control over the DVby the IV

Extraneous variable

In an experiment, a variable other than the IV that might cause unwanted changes in the DV.

Threats to validity

History effects, maturation effects, testing effects, instrument ion effects, regression to the mean

Baseline logic

Serve us the background or contacts for viewing the effects of a second type of condition

Component analysis

Can start with full intervention and then remove individual element to determine which parts of the intervention is truly responsible for behavior change

Within a participant rep

Return to baseline > re-introduce independent variable> check for repeated effect

Across participants

Apply same procedure to new participants to see if pattern holds

Systematic replication

Very one aspect of the test generality, can happen within a single study, can also happen across multiple studies

experimental research

Voices researchers to think about what the experiment is about how it will be measured, what the IV and DV is and if the design adequately supports all dimension items

Component question

Will the removal of one element from a multi component intervention, change the level of dependent variable?

Comparison question

Will the independent variable 1or independent variable 2 alter the dependent variable to a great degree?

Demonstration Question

Will the independent variable alter the dependent variable?

Parametric question

What effect will incrementally increase in the level of the independent variable have on the dependent variable? (Amount of exposure.)

IOA- total agreement

S/Lx100

Interval agreement, IOA

A/(A+D)x100%

Exact Count IOA

(A%A)+Dx100

Quantifying behavior

Quantum find behavior is a fundamental and single case design, direct measurement gives permanent data, numerical data improves, communication, accuracy, and interpretation

Dimensional qualities

Behavior can occur in time in space, dimensional quantities, describe behavior, form, count, duration, timing, spacing, change overtime

Rate/frequency

Rate per unit, use when interest in how often a behavior occurs

duration

Measure how long a behavior last, useful for on-time task, tantrum, engagement

Latency

Time between stimulus and behavior, useful, prefer, prompt delay, reaction

IRT - Interresponse Time

The time between two successive responses; associated with repeatability and temporal locus

Celeration

the change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time

Event recording

Track every discreet occurrence-

Advantage - works frequently IRT acceleration

Disadvantage - requires continuous observation

Permanent product recording

Record outcomes post event

Advantage - allows, error, analysis, not time bound

Disadvantage - requires tangible output

Duration recording

Tracks time from onset to offset

Advantage - detailed temporal data

Disadvantage - needs timing device and constant attention

Variable integrity

Requires - validity - reliability - accuracy ( watch for articles/inconsistency)

Human errors

Poor training - observer drift - expectation bias solutions/ what can be done clear definition - booster training - naïve observers

Repeatability

In instances of behavior can occur repeatedly through time

Dimensional quantities frequency, count rate acceleration

Temporal extent

refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time

Temporal locus

every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events

Derivative measure

percentage and trials to criterion: these types of data derive from previous quantities or results of Bxs (such as rate, freq)

Continuous measurement

records every single occurrence of a behavior. Examples include frequency, duration, rate, and per opportunity.

Discontinuous measurement

used to measure some instances of behavior but not all. Typically associated with partial and whole interval recording and momentary time sampling.

Time sampling

Partial interval recording - whole interval recording - momentary time check> derived PLACHECK

Social validity

Extent to which behaviors are appropriate, intervention is accepted in significant changes in target behavior

Internal validity

Behavior change is due to the independent variable and not extraneous variable

External validity

Amount of generality studies findings have to other subjects

Accuracy

Extent to which observed values match, actual true values

Reliability

How much a measurement measures the same value when measuring the same thing

Visual analysis within a condition focuses on

How many points do you have?

Variability ( how bouncy the data is)

Level ( where the value hangs out)

Trend ( where the data is headed)

Steady state strategy

Stability shows that random or uncontrolled influences are influencing the behavior around

Second, it shows that the initial temporary effects of the condition have went off in the Level you're seeing is the durable worth comparing

Transitions…

Move between steady states

Steady state responding

A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation

Baseline logic

Entails three elements prediction, verification, and replication

Steady state strategy

Exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control any extraneous variables, influencing on the behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

Transition state

Is behavior traveling from one stable level to another stable level

Transitory change

Is a temporary womble that returns to the original level

During transition stage

Behavior is moving towards a new steady level

During transitory stage

Behavior bounces and returns to old level

Beware aggregation illusions

Averaging data across big-time samples can fix stability that disappears when you graph weekly or daily

Needs to be more sampling during transition why?

Low frequency, measurement can make gradual transition look like a jump in height were stability. Return.

Phases last until when?

Until satisfactory stability for that particular behavior

Single case design

Just one person

AB design

a design in which a baseline condition (A) is measured first, followed by measurements during the experimental intervention (B); there is no return to the baseline condition

ABAB design

A single subject research design that contains a baseline (A1), treatment (B1), a second baseline (B2) and a second treatment phase (B2)

reversal design

Behavior actually reverses back to the baseline levels when the intervention is removed

Withdrawal design

Means the intervention was taken away, regardless, if the behavior went back to baseline

Reversibility means that

Stimulus control was achieved

BAB design

Treatment, Baseline and a Return to treatment. This intervention begins with treatment due to the seriousness of the behavior under study.

ABC and associated designs

Compared 2 interventions

Do a component analysis

Try out different versions of the independent variables( parametric analysis)

Changing criterion design

An experimental Design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion.

multi-element design

A variation of a reversal design that exposes a participant first to one treatment condition and then to another in some form of repeated alternation. Also called an alternating treatment design.

Type of multi element design

Single phase alternating design

Two phase

Three phase: baseline> alternating treatment> best treatment only

Concurrent chain/schedule

Multi element interference

Consist of randomization/counterbalancing

Extended probes

Follow up isolated phases