Science, Scientific Revolution, and Intellectual Revolutions

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers the fundamental definitions of science, the impacts of the Scientific Revolution, and the major theories proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, Sigmund Freud, and Charles Darwin.

Science (Idea)

Ideas, theory, and observations about the natural and physical world.

Science (Intellectual Activity)

A systematic and practical study involving systematic observation and experimentation of the natural and physical world.

Science (Body of Knowledge)

A subject, discipline, or field of study referred to as school science.

Science (Personal and Social Activity)

Knowledge and activities performed by humans to develop a better understanding of the world around them.

Scientific Revolution

A period of enlightenment when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed societal views about nature.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A polymath, mathematician, Astronomer, and Catholic canon who proposed the heliocentric model.

Johannes Mueller

The author of the book "EPITOME" which influenced Nicolaus Copernicus.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ($1543$)

The publication by Copernicus that introduced the heliocentric astronomical model.

Heliocentrism

An astronomical model with the Sun positioned at the center of the universe, with the earth and all planets orbiting it annually.

Geocentric Theory

The theory that the Earth is in the middle and the sun, moon, and all planets travel around it.

Sigmund Freud

A famous figure in psychology who developed the method of Psychoanalysis to study human inner life.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's method of studying humans' inner life and internal mind processes.

Id

The component of personality that operates on instinctual drives and the pleasure principle.

Ego

The part of the mind that mediates between the id and reality, acting on the reality principle and seeking practicality.

Superego

The component of the mind representing morality and acting as the conscience by enforcing moral standards.

Oral Stage

Psychosexual stage from ages $0-2$ where infants achieve gratification through activities like feeding and thumb sucking.

Anal Stage

Psychosexual stage from ages $2-3$ where the child learns to respond to societal demands like bowel and bladder control.

Phallic Stage

Psychosexual stage from ages $3-7$ where the child realizes differences between males and females and becomes aware of sexuality.

Latency Stage

Psychosexual stage from ages $7-11$ where sexual urges remain relatively quiet.

Genital Stage

Psychosexual stage from age $11$ to Adulthood where the adolescent learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex.

Charles Darwin

Known as the "Father Of Evolution," he established the theory of natural selection.

Natural Selection

Darwin's theory that current species have originated from common ancestral species through adaptation and variation.

Origin of Species ($1589$)

Darwin's work presenting evidence on how species evolved over time through traits and adaptation.

The Descent of the Man

Darwin's book that brought all organic life, including humans, under the realm of evolutionary thinking.