Psych 101 Exam 4 WVU

Abstract thinking

Challenge in concrete operational stage

Achievement

Occurs when individuals have explored different options and then made a commitment

High exploration; high commitment

Adolescence

Developmental stage that starts when puberty ends with the transition to adulthood

Attachment

Positive emotional bond that develops between child and caregiver

Authoritarian

Parenting style where parents show a low level of warmth and high level of control

Authoritative

Parenting style where parents provide a high level of warmth and care but allow contructive mistakes

Choices and decisions

Children play a role in shaping their own development

Cliques

Groups of people who interact frequnetly

Cognitive development

The development of thinking across the lifespan

Cognitive elements

Thoughts and evaluations of the situation

Concrete operational

Stage in which children are able to think logically in most situations but not scientifically

Ages 6-12

Conscience

Cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

Conservation

Challenge of preoperational stage; as physical size changes quantity does not

Constructivists

Those who believe emotions are culturally variable

Continuous change

Ways in which development occurs in a gradual manner rather than sudden change

Crowds

Groups of people characterized by shared reputations and images rather than interactions

Deviant peer contagion

Process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing or showing approval

Diffusion

Occurs when adolescents neither explore or commit

Low exploration; low commitment

Discontinuous change

Large fundamental change in sudden jumps

Disorganized attachment

Parents show abusive behavior

Children become erratic, stressed and inconsitent

East Asians

Openness is less common in this group

East Asians

Restraint is more common in this group

Eckmans study

Study in which muscle configuration were associated with emotions

Effortful control

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self regulation

Emotions

Feelings that have physiological and cognitive elements and influence behavior

Family stress model

Stress within family especially financial negatively effects children

Foreclosure

Occurs when an individual commits to an identity without exploring options

Low exploration; high commitment

Formal operational

Stage in which children attain the reasoning power of full adults; formal education necessary

Age 11-12

Foundational skills

Initiation and maintenance of social interactions

Conflict management skills

Coordination of goals, actions and understanding

Friendships provide secuirty and support

Functions of emotions

Increases chance of survival

Shapes future behavior

Helps us interact more effectively

Gender schemas

Organized beliefs and expectations about male and femaleness that guide childrens thinking about gender

Goodness of fit

Match between a childs temperment and characteristics of parental care that contributes to pos or neg personality development

High arousal negative

Affective state in which a person is fearful, hostile, nervous

High arousal positive

Affective state in which a person is enthusiastic, elated, excited

Homophily

Adolescents who are similar spend time together and influence each other

Identity formation

Involves decision points and committments

Independent self

Being a person means being distinct from others

Insecure ambivalent

Parents show inconsistent and unpredictable behavior

Children hover around mother, cries upon leaving and angry upon return

Insecure avoidant

Parents show insensitive or rejective behavior

Children do not cry upon mothers exit and avoid mom upon return

Institutional

School quality

Interdependent self

Emphasis on being connected to others

Interpersonal

Parental engagement in education

Intrapersonal

Intrinsic motivation

Jean Piaget

Came up with four stages of development

Lifespan developmental psychology

Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

Low arousal negative

Affective state in which a person is dull, sleepy, sluggish

Low arousal positive

Affective state in which a person is relaxed, calm, peaceful, serene

Marcias identity statuses

Foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, achievement

Moffits model

Says adolescents exhibit this behavior to show independence

Moratorium

State in which adolescents are actively exploring but have not made any commitments

High exploration; low commitment

Nature

Biological endowment on genes received from parents

Nature-nurture debate

The debate on whether the environment or genes influence development

Negative emotions

Promote a narrow way of thinking

North Americans

Openness is more common in this group

North Americans

Restraint is less common in this group

Nurture

Social and physical environments that influence development

Object permanence

Challenge of the sensorimotor stage; fail to understand that objects continue to exist even when not visible

Pattersons model

Distinguishes youth whose anti-social behavior begins during childhood vs adolescents

Less problematic if behavior starts in adolescence

Permissive

Parenting style where parents show high warmth and low control

Phonemic awareness

Awareness of the component sounds within words

Physiological elements

Activation of autonomic nervous system

Positive emotions

Help broaden our thinking and behavior and widen our cognitive perspective, making our thinking more expansive and enabling acquisition of new skills

Predictors of academic achievement

Interpersonal, intrapersonal and institutional factors

Preoperational

Stage in which children show a wide variety of symbolic representation capabilities

Ages 2-7

Problems with Piaget

Continuity; cognitive development is more continuous

Life experiences

Secure attachment

Parents show sensitive behavior

Children are happy when mom is near and sad upon leaving; happy with return

Sensorimotor

Stage in which children's thinking is realized through their perceptions of the world and physical interactions with it

Ages 0-2

Social referencing

Infant looks to mothers face when confronted with strange person or situation to see how to respond

Temperament

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Theory of mind

Childrens growing understanding of the mental states that affect peoples behavior

Three perspectives that shape development

Social context in which child lives

Biological maturation

Representation of self and social world

Uninvolved

Parenting style in which parents show low warmth and low control

Universalists

Those who believe all humans experience emotions similarly regardless of cultural differences in customs and traditions