PDHPE HSC revision

Cancer

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal body cells

Breast Cancer

Most common cancer related death in women- Affects 1 in 5

Lung Cancer

Leading cancer death in men, increasing in women, 10% of cases are non-smokers

Skin Cancer

Australia has highest rates in the world and the incidence has quadrupled in 20 years.

CVD

Caused 35% of deaths in 2005 & is the leading cause of disability

Diabetes

90% of all cases are type 2 & increasing incidence

Diabetes

The body is unable to produce or effectively use insulin, which controls the blood glucose levels in the bloodstream

Healthy Ageing

Activities & Lifestyle behaviours aiming to decrease the risk of illness, injury and disease, and to increase mental, emotional and physical health during the ageing process, ensuring a good quality of life.

Chronic Disease

Account for 80% of the total disease burden within Australia

Institutionalised Services

Public & Private Hospitals, Nursing Home, Psychiatric Hospitals, Acute Care Hospitals

Non- Institutionalised Services

GP's, Pharmacy, Dentist, Physio, Radiology, Optometry etc

Private Hospital- Ancillary Cover

Entitles benefits for a range of complementary and alternative health therapies and services.

Private Hospital- Hospital Cover

Covers all or part of accomodation, choice of doctor, shorter waiting list etc

Medicare

Designed to prevent people from incurring huge medical costs

Complementary and Alternative Health Care

Refers to health related treatments that typically fall outside of traditional western medical tradition

Complementary- Used together with conventional HC

Alternative- Used in place of conventional HC

Developing Personal Skills

Supports the personal and social development of individuals by providing information, education and enhancing life skills.

Creating Supportive Environments

Encourages a shared responsibility in caring for each other, our communities and our environment

Reorienting Health Services

Reorienting Health Services towards promotion of health, in a direction beyond clinical and curative services.

Building Healthy Public Policy

Developing policies that foster equity, ensure safe and healthy services, provide clean and enjoyable environments and that make healthy choices easier

Strengthening Community Action

Ensuring communities have ownership & control, particularly in the process of decision making, planning, prioritising and implementing.

Potential for Prevention and Early Intervention

Incidence of lifestyle related diseases and illnesses can be reduced through behavioural change and environmental conditions

Continuous

Without rest periods

Fartlek

Continuous training interspersed with high intensity intervals

Circuit

Range of exercises performed in a set order

Interval

Defined periods of exercise and rest

PNF stretching

Joint is forcefully taken beyond ROM- Isometric contraction followed by a static stretch

Lung Capacity

Total amount of air the lungs can hold

Oxygen Uptake

The boys ability to absorb oxygen through the lungs and into the blood, then into the muscle to be used

Haemoglobin Level

Level of Haemoglobin in the blood

Fast-twitch muscle fibres

Muscle fibres that reach peak tension quickly

Slow-twitch muscle fibres

Muscle fibres that contract slowly and for long periods of time

Motivation

The drive towards a particular goal, which determines behavioural patterns

Positive Motivation

Recognition, praise & reward for good performance- Athlete aims to repeat performance

Negative Motivation

Feedback or actions that case negative reactions of fear- Athlete will try and avoid these consequences

Anxiety

Perception of a situation

State Anxiety

Emotional response of an athlete due to a particular situation

Trait Anxiety

Athletes general disposition to perceive a situation as threatening (the athlete)

Arousal

The level of emotional, mental and physiological activation- Readiness of an athlete

Concentration & Attention Skills

Ability to focus on relevant cues and ignore irrelevant distractions

Carb Loading

Loading the muscles with glycogen in prep for endurance activity

Isotonic Contraction

The muscle changes its length without increasing tension

Isometric Contraction

The joint angle and muscle length do not change

Concentric Contraction

When the muscle exerts a force and shortens in length

Eccentric Contraction

When the muscle produces a force and increases in length

Isokinetic Contraction

The muscle contracts maximally throughout its full range of movement.

Ventilation Rate

Measure of amount of breaths per minute

Plyometrics

Muscle undergoes an eccentric contraction followed by a rapid concentric contraction- improves explosive power

Mental Rehearsal

Practice in your mind, the skills to be performed

Visualisation

Athlete focuses on a variety of mental pictures

Internal Imagery

Like having camera on your head, seeing what you would normally see

External Imagery

Watching yourself as if its a video recording

Attention

Using info perceived by the 5 senses and then taking control of the mind and focusing on relevant info only, leading to concentration.

Vitamins

Inorganic compounds that are essential to maintaining bodily functions

Minerals

Inorganic substances found in the body necessary for correct body functioning

Cognitive

The learning stage characterised by thinking and trying to understand

Associative

Fundamentals have been learnt and movements are now refined

Autonomous

Skills are automatic and habitual and performance is consistent

Characteristics of a learner

An individuals social, physical and emotional characteristics affect their ability to learn.

Personality

An individuals characteristics influence their work ethic and mentality towards skill development

Prior experience

Many skills are transferable between sports, allowing an athlete to learn new skills faster

Confidence

Belief in ones own ability

Ability

Innate ability to be good at a range of sports

Discrete Skill

Skill with a clear beginning and end e.g. diving

Serial Skill

Series of discrete motor skills put together eg the sequence of skills for the triple jump.

Continous skill

Has an arbitrary start and end (performer decides) e.g. going for a jog, run, swim etc

Self-paced skill

Timing and speed determined at the discretion of the athlete e.g. tennis serve

Externally-paced skill

Timing and speed determined by external factors e.g. music, opposing players

Massed Practice

Continuous training with minimum rest periods

Distributed Practice

Equal periods of practice and rest

Part Practice

Skill is broken down into smaller parts and practiced in isolation before joining together

Whole Practice

Skill is practiced in its entirety

Consistency

Ability to perform the desired movement repeatedly

Anticipation

Ability to predict what may happen in a specific situation and respond accordingly

Technique

Refers to the technical execution of the skill, resulting in efficient and consistent movement

Kinaesthetic Sense

The ability to feel a movement as it is being performed

Subjective Measures

Depends on the observers personal opinion and judgement

Objective Measures

An impartial measurement, based upon facts, without bias or prejudice (e.g. stopwatch, measuring tape)

Validity

Refers to the tests ability to measure what it is supposed to measure

Reliability

Refers to a tests consistency- The ability of the test results to be accurately repeated

Personal Judging Criteria

Are the presuppositions brought to the performance by the judge and are very subjective

Prescribed Judging Criteria

Established criteria created by the sporting body, which are used to evaluate performance

Direct Force

Injury sustained by an external force

Indirect Force

Injury sustained from an excessive internal force, where the injury is distant from the impact site

Overuse Injuries

Results from a repetitive and excessive force and results in serious injury

Skin Abrasion

Scraping or wearing away of the skin

Lacerations

Deep cut or tear to the skin

Blisters

Caused by friction, leading to a build up of serum fluid in the skin

Tear

Occurs when tissue is extensively stretched or severed

Strain

Tear that occurs in a muscle

Sprain

Tear that occurs to a ligament

Contusion

Internal bleeding into the soft tissue caused by a direct force

Fracture

Broken Bone

Subluxation

Bone is dislodged then returns to place straight away

Dislocation

Injuries to joints where bones are displaced due to excessive ROM

Asthma

A respiratory condition that is characterised by severe spasms of the airways, causing difficulty in breathing

Type 1 Diabetes

Caused by an autoimmune disorder- Body no longer produces insulin, leading to a build up of glucose in the blood

Type 2 Diabetes

Breakdown in efficiency of insulin, resulting in high levels of insulin and glucose in the blood- Often caused by lifestyle

Epilepsy

Caused by excessive neuronal activity in the brain, causing seizes or loss of awareness