apush period 4 exam review

Thomas Jefferson

1800-1816 age of xx, third president. Stressed popular acceptance of the basic principles of constitutional gov't.

Louisiana Purchase

1803, napoleon's minister, seeking funds for a war against Britian offered to sell not only New Orleans but also Louisiana Territory to us for $15 mill, more than doubling the size of the US

War Hawks

A congressional election in 1810 brought a group of new young Democratic-Republicans to congress, known as war-hawks because of their eagerness for war with Britain. Gained influence in House of Representatives, lead by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Believed war with Britain would gain Canada, destroy American Indian residence of frontier and defend American honor.

Henry Clay

Leader of war hawks, from Kentucky

John C. Calhoun

Leader of war hawks, from South Carolina

John Marshall

Held federalist judge position for 34 years, caused Jefferson grief. His decisions in many landmark cases generally strengthened the central gov't often at the expense of states rights.

Judicial review

By ruling a law of congress to be unconstitutional, Marshall established xx where the Supreme Court would exercise the power to decide whether or not an of congress or of the president was allowed by the constitution

Marbury vs. Madison

1803, 1st major case decided by Marshall put him in direct conflict with Jefferson. Marshall ruled that xx had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by congress in 1789, he said that the Judiciary Act 1789 had given to the court greater power that the constitution allowed, therefore the law was unconstitutional and xx wouldn't receive his commission.

Aaron Burr

A democratic-republican closed meeting decided not to elect him for second term Vice President, he got mad and went on a series of events, threatening to break up the Union

"Quids"

The name of the party that supported Aaron Burr who accused him of abandoning Democratic- Republican principels.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A special convention held at Hartford Connecticut before the war ended where delegates from New England states rejected the radical calls for secession, to limit the growing power of Democratic-Republicans in S and W where they called for a 2/3 vote for declaration of future war.

Torussaint I'Ouvertue

Lead rebellions in French colony of Santo Domingo in the 1800's for independence driven by nationalism, resulted in heavy French loses.

Barbary Pirates

US would pay tribute to the Barbary gov't to prevent the Barbary Pirates from seizing American merchant ships. However when Jefferson was in office, they upped the tribute, he refused to pay, they fought, us gained no decisive victory but gained respect and protection to US vessels.

Neutrality

Us was neutral during French vs. Britian, but their neutral rights were violated by both often.

Impressing

British ships would seize American Neutral ships and force the American sailors into the British navy.

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

Incident on sea, in 1807 British ships, Leopard fired on US ship Chesapeake 3 Americans killed, 4 taken captive Americans demanded war, Jefferson went to diplomacy and economic pressure alternative

Embargo Act 1807

Created by Jefferson after the Chesapeake-Leopard affairs, an alternative to war prohibiting American ships from sailing to any foreign ports. Affected American economy so much it was repealed 2 years later

James Madison

President after Jefferson in 1808. also had European problems. He attempted economic pressure to deal with Napoleonic Wars but he finally consented to take US to war.

Nonintercourse Act 1809

Created by Madison provided Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Nathaniel Macon, member of congress creates bill stating that if either Britain or France agreed to respect US neutral rights, US would just prohibit trade with that nations foe.

War of 1812

Neither Britain nor the US wanted their dispute to end in war. Yet war did break out for 2 reasons in the US point of view, 1) continued to violate us neutral rights at sea 2) troubles with British on western frontier.

"Old Ironsides"

1812, it was the nickname of the U.S warship constitution which raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia.

Battle of Lake Erie

1813, with American Captain Oliver Hazard Perry, declaring victory, "we have met the enemy and they are ours."

Battle of Thames River

Near Detroit, in 1813, victory for General William Henry Harrison, where Tecumseh was killed

Thomas Macdonough

In 1814 he was a ship commander who defeated the British fleet on Lake Champlain, causing the British to retreat and abandon their plan to invade NY and New England

Andrew Jackson

A general who commanded U.S troops in the south in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

In South in 1814, Ended power of the British ally, Creek nation. Which eliminated the Indians and opened new lands to white settlers

Battle of New Orleans

Fought 1815, 2 weeks after a treaty ending the war had been signed in Ghent, Belgium

Treaty of Ghent 1814

The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant recognized the prewar boundary between U.S and Canada. The war ended in a stalemate no gain for either side.

Lewis and Clark expedition

Funded by congress during Jeffersons office. Set out from St.Louis in 1804 to cross the Rockies and reached Oregon cost on Pacific Ocean. Benefits: better maps, scientific knowledge, stronger claimed in the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians

Francis Scott Key

When the British attempted to take Baltimore in 1814, but Fort McHenery held out he wrote the events in the song "star spangled banner"

Market Revolution, 1820-50

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Missouri Compromise, 1820

over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Mason-Dixon Line

Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland that divided the Middle Colonies from the Southern Colonies

36"30' parallel

parallel split the Louisiana Territory in half?

Old Northwest

Ohio to Minnesota bound together by transportation routes and rapid economic growth based on commercial farming and industrial innovation. most populous sections of the country

Nativism

Native born americans who were alarmed with the influx of immigrants, thought they would take their jobs and weaken the culture. (Especially disliked the roman catholic germans and Irish)

Know-Nothing Party

created by the Nativisms , A party which pushed for political action against these newcomers. They displayed the feelings of America regarding newcomers that were different and therefore, the double standard of the country.

Era of Good feelings

FeelingsFrom 1816-1819 the Monroe years marked by a spirit of nationalism,optimism and goodwill

Sectionalism

One devotion and pride for their section/ state or providence

James Monroe

From Virginia . Served a Jeffersons minister to G.B and as Madison's Secretary of State.

Cultural Nationalism

Heroes of Revolution painted by Albert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball, Parson Weems extolled the virtues of George Washington (fiction piece), Noah Webster's blue backed speller promoted patriotism and used in schools

Tariff of 1816

first protective tariff in US history, to protect US manufacturing; NE disagreed, South and West supported it

Henry Clay; American System

1. protective tariffs, 2. national bank, 3. internal improvements

Second bank of the United States

created after the First National Bank of Hamilton was dissolved

Panic of 1819

caused by 2nd Bank of the US which had tightened credit in an effort to control inflation; state banks closed, value of money deflated (fell), and unemployment/debt imprisonment increased (fractured the Era of Good Feelings)

Lancaster Turnpike

A road built in 1790's connected Philadelphia with farmlands around Lancaster. Simulated construction of other roads

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway, more that 1,000 miles started in 1811 and ended in 1850using both federal and state money

Erie Canal

In NY in 1825 linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. Stimulated economic growth, lowered food prices in the East

Robert Fulton

Developed the steam boat in 1807 successful voyage up the Hudson River

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin in 1793, help cotton industry immensely and invented rifles with interchangeable parts during the war of 1812, which were then the basis for mass production

Samuel Slater

established the first U.S. factory in 1791

Lowell System; textile mills

recruited young farm-living women and housed them in company dormitories; began use of child labor

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

…, Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Declaration of Rights and Sentiments

French National Assembly's statement of natural rights- liberty, prosperity, security, resistance to oppression, free press, equality before the law, representative government. Similar to US Declaration of Independence.

Irish Potato Famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Tammany Hall

A New York democratic party and political machine that gained a reputation for corrupt practices. The political machines came to power due to the rapid growth of cities-machines traded services to city-dwellers for votes. It controlled New York politics, as well as helped immigrant groups in New York in the late 1800s.

"peculiar institution"

Euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. An attempt by the South to justify the institution of slavery even though it contradicts the Declaration of Independence

Denmark Vesey

A free black from Charleston who led a rebellion which caused increasing anxieties in the south whose blame was outlet into protest of the tariffs. This slave rebellion showed that the time of slavery in America was coming to a crossroads where something must be done. They did not want it reach a level as it did in Haiti and along with increasing pressure from Britain, slavery was becoming redefined as immoral. Much of the South's frustrations were outlet into tariff protests.

Nat Turner

(1800-1831) American slave leader, he claimed that divine inspiration had led him to end the slavery system. the slave revolt was the most violent one in U.S. history; he was tried, convicted, and executed.

Cyrus McCormick

(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.

"King Cotton"

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! …Cotton is king!".

Textile Mills

the factories where cloth is made. These were used a lot in the slave period before the civil war. They were used in the North.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

Supreme Court case where the Marshall Court found that the Indians have a right to stay on their own land. Jackson famously said, "John Marshall has made his decision…now let him enforce it"

Worchester vs. Georgia

The name of the court case in which the Indians of Georgia sued; John Marshall ruled for them and said that state law had no authority in Cherokee territory.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

"pet banks"

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

specie circular

Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

"common man"

a political leader who worked his way up to the top from the bottom. Andrew Jackson was the model common man. He had been orphaned, so he fought in the Revolutionary War at age thirteen. In the War of 1812, he became a hero and launched his political career soon after. He was like the rest of the country, and that's why they liked him so much. The common man began to take over during the Jacksonian Democracy

"universal white male suffrage"

During the Jackson era, many states started to dismiss their policies that white males with land could vote and it became any white male of any social class could vote.

Whig Party

A major party in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, formally established in 1836. This party was anti-Jackson and represented a variety of regional interests.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Corrupt Bargain, Election of 1824

losing candidate Clay urged supporters to vote for Adams in exchange for a spot in Adams cabinate

Election of 1828

…, The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of xx, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans.

Tariff of Abominations, 1828

it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

"Nullification Crisis", 1832

Crisis during Andrew Jackson's presidency that centered on the state of South Carolina attempted to nullify a federal law passed by Congress. Although the federal and state were able to compromise, this once again showed how the United States had a very delicate balance between federal and state power.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, written by John C. Calhoun. It spoke against the "Tariff of Abominations," and proposed nullification of the tariff. Calhoun wished to use nullification to prevent secession, yet address the grievances of sectionalist Southerners. These sectionalist ideas helped lead to the Civil War.

Force Bill

1833 - The xx authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The xx was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the xx.

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.

Midnight Judges

1801, , The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.