final exam straighterline microbiology

In the nitrogen cycle, which of the following steps involves removal of nitrogen from the atmosphere by bacteria?

Nitrogen Fixation

If enough H+ ions are added to pure water to raise the H+ concentration of the solution to ten times higher than the original concentration, what is the resulting OH- concentration of the solution?

10-8 M

Fungi are able to reproduce asexually by creating conidiospores and sporangiospores. Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why it is advantageous that they are also capable of sexual reproduction?

Offspring from two parents may have variations in form and function that contribute to survival of the species.

In a laboratory bacterial cell culture that has been infected by a virus, plaques are areas in which...

the virus has spread and left behind the remains of dead cells.

The sun's energy is delivered as discrete packets that travel as waves and are called

Photons

What is a characteristic of aerobic respiration?

The process includes glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

In completing protein synthesis in a prokaryote, what basic message is carried by a specialized codon that has no corresponding tRNA?

"Terminate here."

Microbial drug resistance can be caused by mutations or by introduction of new genes into a population. Which of the following can only be caused by the introduction of new genes into a population?

new enzymes that inactivate the drug are synthesized

Why do the hands, feet, and breasts have more lymphatic vessels for host defense than other areas of the human body?

They have a high risk for infection due to frequent contact.

Penicillin functions as an antimicrobial agent by inhibiting bacterial...

cell wall synthesis.

Which class of eukaryotic microorganisms can be subdivided into groups such as Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora, and Apicomplexa?

Protozoa

Genetic material can be excised from one chromosome and directly integrated into another via...

transposons

What immune cell secretes numerous cytokines that help to coordinate the response of other immune cells?

TH cell

What enzymes are used to amplify DNA during PCR?

DNA polymerase

Which of the following is a scientific name?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Eosin-methylene blue agar, or EMB, is a commonly used bacteriological medium for growing gram-negative bacteria from complex environments. It contains two dyes, eosin and methylene blue, as well as the sugar lactose. Eosin is a pH indicator that changes color when the medium is acidic, while methylene blue inhibits the growth of most gram-positive bacteria. If an organism consumes lactose, acid will be produced, causing the bacterial colonies to change color.

Based upon this description, this medium is ______

differential and selective

A diagram of the three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) proceeding from the Last Universal Common Ancestor would show Archaea

branching off the Domain Eukarya.

In the cell cytoplasm, molecules of ATP are a

solute

The _____ of the microscope holds and allows selection of the objective lenses.

nosepiece

Characteristics shared by all cells include

the presence of cellular fluid, the possession of genetic information, and a membrane serving as a cell boundary.

Anything that occupies space and mass is called...

matter

Trees of life illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of all organisms were traditionally based on _____; newer methods for determining phylogeny rely on _____.

Morphology; nucleic acid sequences

Covalent bonds

result from sharing electrons

One nucleotide contains one

phosphate, pentose sugar, nitrogen base

Among the types of microorganisms, the ___. are noncellullar

viruses

Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of ____

Bioremediation

C6H12O6+C6H12O6---> C12H22O11+H2O

a dehydration synthesis

Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?

Taxonomy

Which type of medium would be the best choice when shipping a sample of bacteria from a clinic to a laboratory for testing?

Transport-meduim

Which activity is an example of biotechnology?

Which of the following is produced by adding 1% to 5% agar to nutrient broth that is then boiled and cooled?

A solid medium

Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers, which are chains of...

repeating monomers

A reducing medium contains

substances that remove oxygen

Which of the following parts of a microscope magnifies the specimen to produce a real image of the specimen?

Objective lens

The two major groups of helminths are ___ and the ___

roundworm; flatworms

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except

located between the capsid and nucleic acid

A protozoan having flagellum would be classified in the genus

Trypanosoma

Antiviral drugs are often difficult to develop, largely because

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the drugs must enter the host cell and often cause toxic side effects in order to destroy the virus

The activation of a prophage is called...

induction

Endospores are

metabolically inactive, resistant to heat and chemical destruction, resistant to destruction by radiation, living structures

The endosymbiotic theory has been developed to explain the emergence of...

eukaryotes

A treatment for bacterial infections from the early 20th century has made a comeback; the use of bacterial viruses to eliminate bacterial infections. Which explanation most accurately describes the reason for return of this treatment?

A negative RNA virus must first

synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome

You've just isolated a new bacterium in pure culture, and you culture it on a general purpose medium where its cells have a coccobacillus morphology. When you examine the cells after culturing on a variety of differential media, you fine that in some cases, the cells appear as coccobacillus, but in others, they can be filamentous, cocci, or club-shaped. The best explanation for this observation is that..

the bacterium is pleomorphic

Two functions of bacterial appendages are___ and ___

attachment; motility

A group of protozoa that are not motile are the...

Plasmodium sp.

During the Gram stain, the appplication of alcohol results in the decolorization of ___ cells

Gram-negative

Lysozyme is most effective against

gram positive organisms

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called ___

sex pili

Which of the following does not pertain to helminths?

Members of the Kingdom Protista

The site for ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is the...

cell membrane

The core of every virus particle always contains...

Either DNA or RNA

Which of the following is not a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx?

Movement

Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called _____ and the infectious RNA strands called _____.

Prions; viroids

Termites are incects that require the protozoan Trichonympha in their gut to synthesize the enzyme celluse to degrade the cellulose in wood. The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown (glucose). This is a ___ relationship

Mutualistic

Many of the lakes in the United States are suffering from periodic algae are naturally-occurring in the lake, when adjacent farm fields are over-fertilized with diammonium phosphate, the run-off deposits these nutrients in the lake, allowing the algae to grow without limit. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the overgrowth of algae?

The algae are heterotrophs

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size, and differentiate between dead and live cells, a ___ is used

The time interval from parent to two new daughter cells is called...

The generation time

The cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting in ___ conditions

hypotonic

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a __ carrier that binds to the substance and causes a conformational change to allow its movement across the membrane.

Protein

This microbe is photosynthetic, but in the absence of light it can use organic compounds as an energy source. its carbon source is an organic compound. The appropriate classification for this organism would be...

photoheterotroph

The most likely place where an exoenzyme participates in a chemical reaction is...

outside the cell

Noncompetitive inhibition is best described as

end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site.

exergenic reactions

occur during aerobic cellular respiration

When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a regulatory molecule, this control is called

noncompetitive inhibition

The light-harvesting units in the thylakoid membranes are the...

photosystems

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle yield 10 molecules of NADH per molecule of glucose. How many molecules of ATP will be made from them in the electron transport system?

Which of the following metabolic system descriptions is mismatched?

Convergent- a linear pathway branches into two or more alternative processes

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes because only eukaryotes have...

histone proteins, chromosomes in a nucleus, several to many chromosomes, elongated, no circular, chromosomes

A permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called...

a mutation

The DNA of an organism is made up of subunits called...

nucleotides

Which of the following is not true of transposons?

They are always part of plasmids

The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead call to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is termed...

transformation

The field of genomics refers to

the study of an organisms complete genome, including plasmid, mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

Satellite viruses are

dependent on other viruses for replication

When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and its associated proteins appear as a visible thread-like mass called...

chromatin

All of the following pertain to glycolysis except

it degrades glucose to co2 and h20

Glycolysis...

occurs without oxygen, ends with formation of pyruvic acid, occurs during fermentation and involves reduction of NAD

You apply the acid-fast method to a patients specimen, in aspirate from the lungs. Microscopic examination reveals a large number of bright pink-red bacillus- shaped bacteria in the smear. Which statement is true?

the patient has tuberculosis

The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called...

decomposers

Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex nutrients are termed...

fastidious

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen to two enzymes...

superoxide dismutase and catalase

methanogens-

convert CO2 and H2 into methane

Extreme halophiles-

adapt to salty habitats

Psychrophiles

adapt to very low temperatures

Hyperthermophiles

adapt to high temperatures

thermoplasmas

adapt to frozen environments

ATP differs from the nucleotides found in the DNA in the...

sugar protein of the molecule

In the cell, energy released by elcetrons is often used to phosphorylate...

ADP

Histones are...

proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus.

Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification?

electron

Which group of microorganisms is composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering?

viruses

The endosymbiotic theory says that precursor eukaryotic cells acquired cilia by endosymbiosis with a ___ ancestor and others gained photosynthetic ability from endosymbiosis with a ___ ancestor.

spiral, Cyanobacteria

The process of forming glucose from various metabolic intermediates is called...

gluuconeogenesis

The division of microbes termed the Firmicutes have a cell wall type best described as...

gram- positive

All of the following are polysaccharides except...

sterols in cell membranes.

Polysaccharides

dextran in some bacterial slime layers, agar used to make solid culture media, cells glycocalyx, and cellulose in certain cell walls

viral nucleic acid types include which of the following?

Double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double- stranded RNA, and single-stranded RNA

The envelope of enveloped viruses...

is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis

An example of an amphipathic molecule found in living cells is ___

Phospholipid