Midterm Review: Reformation, Absolutism, Enlightenment & Scientific Revolution

Martin Luther

Monk, started Protestant Reformation, wrote 95 Theses, opposed indulgences, believed in salvation through faith.

Gutenberg

Used printing press/movable type to print Bible.

Charles V

HRE, leader of Spanish and Habsburg empire, called Diet of Worms, issued Peace of Augsburg.

Henry VIII

King of England, broke from Catholic Church via Act of Supremacy, head of Church of England/Anglican church.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England, last Tudor ruler, kept England Protestant, issued Elizabethan settlement, worked well with Parliament, died without heir to throne.

John Calvin

Protestant, led Geneva, Switzerland, created Calvinism, promoted idea of predestination, had strict rules in Geneva.

Philip II

Spain, sent Spanish Armada - defeated by England, devout Catholic, fought many religious wars.

Henry IV

France, converted to Catholicism to lead France, issued Edict of Nantes to protect French Protestants.

Louis XIV

France, Sun King, expanded Versailles, fought many wars, best example of absolute monarch, revoked the Edict of Nantes.

Cardinal Richelieu

Adviser to Louis XIII, worked to reduce power of nobles and Huguenots.

Colbert

Financial adviser to Louis XIV, created mercantilism in France, promoted new industries.

Charles VI

Habsburg leader, issued Pragmatic Sanction stating Maria Theresa should rule Habsburg lands.

Frederick II

Prussia, built best army, started in War for Austrian Succession.

Peter I

Russia, built St Petersburg, wanted to westernize Russia.

Catherine I

Russia, added lands to Russia, considered enlightened despot, added a warm water port.

Charles I

England, absolute monarch, fought in English Civil War, lost, beheaded.

Cromwell

England, ruled as Lord Protector, created military dictatorship.

James II

England, faced opposition leading to Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary

England, accepted English Bill of Rights, took control via Glorious Revolution.

Hobbes

Supported absolute monarchs, believed people cruel and needed control.

Locke

Believed in natural rights, people should/could overthrow bad leader.

Montesquieu

Believed in separation of powers/checks and balances.

Diderot

Edited the Encyclopedia.

Wollstonecraft

Supported equal education for women.

Adam Smith

Promoted laissez faire economics, government should be hands off, invisible hand works best.

Frederick the Great

Prussia, Enlightened despot, limited torture, provided religious toleration.

Catherine the Great

Russia, Enlightened despot, religious toleration for Christians and Muslims, ended torture.

Joseph II

Austria, ended serfdom, helped people, peasant emperor, religious toleration for Protestants and Jews.

Patrons

Renaissance, financial supporter of the arts.

Perspective

Renaissance, 3D painting technique to show distant objects.

Indulgence

Sold by Catholic Church, forgiveness of sins.

95 Theses

Written by Luther, challenged Catholic Church, sparked by sale of indulgences.

Diet of Worms

Meeting held to stop Luther, Luther refused to recant.

Peace of Augsburg

Allowed German princes to choose religion, issued by Charles V.

Heliocentric view

Sun was center of universe.

Scientific Method

Step by step process using observation and experimentation.

English Reformation

England changed from Catholic to Protestant.

Catholic Reformation

Movement where Catholic Church worked to deal with Protestant Reformation.

Act of Supremacy

Made Henry VIII head of Church of England.

Elizabethan Settlement

England would stay Protestant but people would be left alone to worship as they please in private.

Mercantilism

Economic program to boost exports and reduce imports, increase gold supply in country.

War of Spanish Succession

Fought to prevent France and Spain from uniting.

Divine right

God chose leader to rule, important belief of absolute monarchs.

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended War of Spanish Succession.

Huguenots

French Protestants.

Edict of Nantes

Allowed for French Protestants to worship in certain fortified towns, issued by Henry IV.

Absolutism

Rulers have complete and total control over people.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Thousands of French Protestants were killed.

Defenestration of Prague

Started 30 Years War, two Catholic officials thrown out window in Bohemia.

Thirty Years War

Complicated war that lasted for 30 years, started out as a religious war but evolved through years, ended by general peace truce.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended 30 Years War, HRE ended, created hundreds of German states.

Pugachev Rebellion

Peasant revolt in Russia, crushed by Catherine the Great.

Glorious Revolution

Peaceful transition of power from James II to William and Mary.

Enlightenment

Period of time when reason and logic applied to society/problems.

Laissez faire

Economic theory that promoted free enterprise, government should not get involved in economics.

Salon

Discussion groups during Enlightenment.

Enlightened despots

Absolute monarchs who used their power to bring about positive change for their country/people, always stopped short of losing their own power.

Predestination

Belief that God has already chosen who gets to heaven, Calvinist belief.