bio 40 testy quiz bacteria and viruses

Upon which criteria do taxonomists classify bacteria and archaea? 

• Basic Structural Biochemical Features:  

• Both have a rigid cell wall that encases 

• Bacterial cell contains peptidoglycan which Archea don't have 

• Basic cellular components differ as well as process of transcription and translation 

Coccus shape of bacteria

little circles

Bacilli shape

pill shaped

Spirochetes

curl like waves

why dont gram negative bacteria stain?

they have a different type of cell wall construction than gram positive bacteria  

capsules

sticky like slime! It helps certain bacteria that cause diseases to sneak past an animal's immune defenses like Harry Potters invisible cloak and him using it to steal chocolate frogs  

pili

made of protein and fuzzy like hair and basically is used to attach that bacterium to another cell. Some of them from infectious diseases attach to the cell membranes of the host cells to start infections. 

slime layer

let tooth-decaying bacteria stick inside mass to the smooth tooths surface. Forms plaque! Like rock climbing's foot holds  

• Chemotaxi

Movement towards or away from chemicals 

Phototaxi

movement due to light

magnetaxi

movement in magnetic fields

endospore

tough, protective structure that some bacteria form around their DNA when conditions become harsh, lets them be carried long times

rapid reproduction

cause they reproduce lots mutations occur either

• no affect

• bad

• good

conjugation

process that transfers genetic material between species of bacteria

• produces new genetic combos that help bacteria survive, transferring genetic material from a donor to a receiver 

sex pilus and plasmid

donor bacteria extends sex pili to receiver

• sex pili contains plasmid with DNA to pass on

where do bacteria like to live

in extreme conditions

how do antibiotics work

kill weakest first so always use full round or youll leave strong ones to reproduce

• Methanogens

species of archaea.

Use inorganic molecules for energy, make methane as biproduct, like low oxygen environments 

Halophiles:

like salty environments because salt is like a preservative. Plants don't like salty soil 

Thermoacidophiles:

like extreme high temperature and acidic environments  

structure of viruses

• 1. genetic material (DNA or RNA) 

• 2. protien coat (protective layer of protein)  

• 3. lipid envelope (lipid bilayer for entry and invasion) 

• 4. surface protein (attached proteins for attachment and replication) PILI

bacteriophages

• Viruses that only infect bacteria 

• Others are made to infect different things such as cows, chickens, etc 

viroid

• Lack a protein coat, only short strands of RNA 

• Enter nucleus of cell to make new viroid's

• smaller than normal plant viruses 

prions

• Protein only produced by single nerve cells, infectious, no nucleic acids, no genetic material, no nucleus 

• Can infect across species boundaries 

• Can be inherited as well as transmitted through infection

how do prions infect thing

They must be introduced through eating, and you take the proteins and prions are common proteins in living things that have changed their formation, so they have a mutated form that infects living things and change existing proteins  

Are viruses living or non-living? Explain. 

They are outside the realm of living things because they have no membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, energy source, can't move or reproduce alone 

protists

eukaryotes that are not members of the kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi. 

• are unicellular

• Protista is Greek meaning “the very first” 

• first eukaryotic organisms

Evolution of Protists

It has been hypothesized that they are the result of smaller prokaryotic cells (becoming organelle) living symbiotically within larger cells. 

how are protists classified

according to how they obtain nutrients 

heterotrophs protists

internal digestion – animal-like protists 

photosynthetic protists

plantlike protists 

decomposers or parasite protists

by external digestion – funguslike protists

animal-like protists

phyla distinguished by their means of movement 

• zooflagellates swim with flagella

• sarcodines move by extensions of their cytoplasm  

• ciliates move by means of cilia

• sporozoans do not move on their own at all 

Plantlike Protists: Unicellular Algae 

contain green pigment (chlorophyll) and carrying out photosynthesis

 algae

 many are highly motile

 classified according to a variety of cellular characteristics

4 phyla of plant-like protists unicellular algae

euglenoids

one of the 4 phyla of plant-like protists unicellular algae:

• Have flagella for movement, autotrophic or heterotrophic, lack a cell wall 

dinoflagellates

one of the 4 phyla of plant-like protists unicellular algae:

• two flagella, bioluminescent, cell walls contain cellulose, red

chrysophytes:

one of the 4 phyla of plant-like protists unicellular algae:

• yellow and brown pigments, mostly unicellular, have silica or cellulose in cell walls

diatoms:

one of the 4 phyla of plant-like protists unicellular algae:

• Have silica cell walls, major component of phytoplankton, store food as oils, helping them float in water 

plant-like protists

have the size, color, and appearance of plants 

 multicellular 

 have reproductive cycles 

 have cell walls 

 can have some specialized tissue 

 Phyla: red, brown and green algae 

 Classification based on their respective photosynthetic pigments 

phyla for general plant-like protists

red, brown, or green algae based on their respective photosynthetic pigments

fungus like protists

 grow in damp, nutrient-rich environments and absorb food through their cell membranes (debris-laden forest floor) 

 heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter 

 lack the chitin cell walls of true fungi 

 Slime Molds (cellular and acellular) and Water Molds