Reproduction

Place these words or phrases in the correct category depending on whether they apply for sexual or asexual reproduction:

1. 2 Gametes

2. Genetic Variation

3. Large amount of Offspring

4. No Genetic Variation

5. 2 Parents

6. 0 Gametes

7. 1 Parent

8. Small amount of Offspring

Sexual: 1, 2, 5, 8

Asexual: 3, 4, 6, 7

Fill in the blanks: Binary fission is a/an _______ mode of reproduction carried out by _______

First the _______ duplicates

Then the parent _______ into 2 _______ cells

Binary fission is a/an asexual mode of reproduction carried out by bacteria

First the genetic material duplicates

Then the parent divides into 2 daughter cells

Fill in the blanks: Budding is a/an _______ mode of reproduction carried out by _______ _______

A _______ grows from the parent

The _______ eventually detaches

Budding is a/an asexual mode of reproduction carried out by unicellular fungi

A bud grows from the parent

The bud eventually detaches

Fill in the blanks: Spore Production is a/an _______ mode of reproduction carried out by _______ _______

_______ are released from _______

The spores are dispersed by _______

This is different from _______ spores in _______ like mosses and ferns:

• In plants, spores are _______ _______ which are eventually _______

• In fungi, spores are _______. They grow into new _______

Spore Production is a/an asexual mode of reproduction carried out by filamentous fungi

Spores are released from sporangia

The spores are dispersed by wind

This is different from sexual spores in plants like mosses and ferns:

• In plants, spores are sexual gametes which are eventually fertilised

• In fungi, spores are asexual. They grow into new organisms/fungi

Fill in the blanks: Vegetative Propagation is a/an _______ mode of reproduction carried out by _______ _______

A part of a _______ grows away from its _______

Vegetative Propagation is a/an asexual mode of reproduction carried out by many plants

A part of a plant grows away from its parent

This is the Male Reproductive organ. Name labels 1-9

1. Bladder

2. Seminal Vesicles

3. Vas Deferens / Sperm Duct

4. Urethra

5. Penis

6. Testicles

7. Foreskin

8. Scrotum

9. Epididymis

Explain the function of the Seminal Vesicles, and its correlation with the Prostate Gland

The seminal vesicles produces secretions into the urethra alongside the prostate gland

These secretions nourish the sperm, active the sperm using enzymes, facilitates the swimming of sperm cells, and neutralises the acidity of the urethra

Explain why the Scrotum is found outside of the body

The reason for this is because the optimum temperature of sperm is lower than the internal body temperature, so if the scrotum was to be inside the body, the sperm would die out or be insufficient

What is the name of the male gamete, explain its function, and describe what semen is

The male game is the Sperm Cell. Its job is to locate the female gamete, penetrate through its membrane and fertilise it

Semen is the fluid containing both the secretions release and the sperm cells

This is the male gamete (sperm cell). Name labels 1-6 and explain the function of all the labels, but 1 and 4

1. Head

2. Acrosome: Contains enzymes to break the female gamete’s membrane

3. Haploid Nucleus: Contains either an X or Y chromosome

4. Mid-Piece

5. Tail / Flagellum: Enables swimming of the cell

6. Mitochondria: Provide the energy to the cell to help it swim

This is the Female Reproductive organ. Name labels 1-8. Explain the 2 functions of label 7

1. Fallopian Tube

2. Ovaries

3. Uterus

4. Cervix

5. Bladder

6. Urethra

7. Vagina: The point of entry of the penis during copulation (sex) and the point of exit of the baby at the end of pregnancy

8. Endometrium

Fill in the blanks: Ovulation occurs as follows:

1. _______ are produced in the _______. An _______ is released approximately every _______ days

2. Upon ovulation, the _______ may be fertilised within _______ hours

3. The _______ travels to the _______ _______ (the site of fertilisation)

4. If the _______ is fertilised by the _______ _______, a _______ forms and settles in the _______, if not, the _______ is released (by menstruation) through the _______

Ovulation occurs as follows:

1. Ova are produced in the ovaries. An ovum is released approximately every 28 days

2. Upon ovulation, the ovum may be fertilised within 36 hours

3. The ovum travels to the fallopian tube (the site of fertilisation)

4. If the ovum is fertilised by the sperm cell / male gamete, a zygote forms and settles in the uterus, if not, the ovum is released (by menstruation) through the vagina

Fill in the blanks: The Menstrual Cycle:

1. Days 1-5: The _______ sheds its _______ lining, resulting in bleeding. The _______ _______ starts releasing _______-_______ hormones, the rise in these hormones stimulates the development of _______ in the _______

2. Days 1-13: The _______ fully develops. _______ stimulates the _______ to produce _______ which causes the _______ to thicken as well as the _______ _______ to decrease _______ production and stimulate _______ hormones production

3. Day 14: Around this day, the _______ moves to the edge of the _______ and bursts, releasing the _______ into the fallopian tube by _______, stimulated by _______ hormones

4. Days 15-28: The _______ hormones then converts the empty _______ into the _______ _______, secreting _______ which prevents the breakdown of the _______ (in preparation of pregnancy) and causes the _______ _______ to stop _______ and _______-_______ hormones production

5. If the released _______ isn’t fertilised, the _______ _______ dies, the _______ levels fall and the cycle restarts

The Menstrual Cycle:

1. Days 1-5: The uterus sheds its endometrium lining, resulting in bleeding. The pituitary gland starts releasing follicle-stimulating hormones, the rise in these hormones stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries

2. Days 1-13: The follicle fully develops. FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen which causes the endometrium to thicken as well as the pituitary gland to decrease FSH production and stimulate luteinising hormones production

3. Day 14: Around this day, the follicle moves to the edge of the ovary and bursts, releasing the ovum into the fallopian tube by ovulation, stimulated by luteinising hormones

4. Days 15-28: The luteinising hormones then converts the empty follicle into the corpus luteum, secreting progesterone which prevents the breakdown of the endometrium (in preparation of pregnancy) and causes the pituitary gland to stop luteinising and follicle-stimulating hormones production

5. If the released ovum isn’t fertilised, the corpus luteum dies, the hormone levels fall and the cycle restarts

What is the name of the female gamete and explain its function

The female gamete is the egg cell or the ovum. It is the largest cell and its job is to be fertilised by a sperm cell, developing into the zygote

This is the female gamete (egg cell / ovum). Name labels 1-4

1. Mitochondria

2. Cell Membrane

3. Haploid Nucleus: Contains the X chromosome

4. Cytoplasm

Fertilisation

Fertilisation is when both haploid nuclei (from each gamete) fuse together to form a zygote. Each nucleus contains 23 chromosome, when the chromosomes from each nucleus fuse, 46 are formed. One chromosome from each nucleus is a sex-chromosome. The ovum’s sex-chromosome is always an X, whilst the sperm’s sex-chromosome can be either an X or a Y. When the sex-chromosome fuse they can be either XX (the baby’s gender would be female) or XY (the baby’s gender would be male)

The foetus is enclosed in an (1), filled with (2)

State the function of (1), (2), the placenta, and the umbilical cord

(1) - Amniotic Sac: Grows with the foetus, providing space and protection

(2) - Amniotic Fluid: Provides a warm body temperature and protection

Placenta: Absorbs water (by osmosis), removes waste (CO2, urea), protects the foetus from harmful substances (from the mother), and produces oestrogen and progesterone to sustain pregnancy

Umbilical Cord: Absorbs oxygen and nutrients (by diffusion) from the mother’s blood

What are the 10 main birth control methods and classify them into the categories; Chemical, Natural, Barrier, and Surgical

Chemical: Contraceptive Implants, Contraceptive Pill, IUD / IUS

Natural: Abstinence, Monitoring Body Temperature, Monitoring Changes in Cervical Mucus

Barrier: Condom, Diaphragm

Surgical: Vasectomy, Female Sterilisation