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What are the two types of immune mechanisms?
A) Innate and non-specific
B) Innate and adaptive
C) Adaptive and specific
D) Active and passive
E) Natural and artificial
B) innate and adaptive
Mechanisms that recognize specific threatening agents and respond by targeting their activity against these agents are called:
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Natural active immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Artificial passive immunity
A) Adaptive immunity
What protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing viruses from multiplying in cells?
A) Complement
B) Immunizations
C) Immunoglobulins
D) Interferon
D) Interferon
What is the term for a family of cells, all of which have descended from one cell?
A) antibody
B) Antigen
C) Clone
D) Complement
C) Clone
What are macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses? They also identify the cell as “self” or “non-self.”
a) antibodies
b) antigens
c) clones
d) complement
b) antigens
An effector cell is:
A) A cell that functions in innate immunity
B) An inactive B or T cell
C) a B or T cell that has been activated but is not mounting an immune response
D) a B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response
D) a B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response
What type of immunity occurs by exposure to potentially harmful antigens through immunization?
a) artificial
b) natural
c) inherited
d) passive natural
a) artificial immunity
What term is used for the hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens?
a) autoimmunity
b) is immunity
c) allergy
d) immune deficiency
c) allergy
Match the following antibodies with their description. Use each only once.
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
9. This antibody makes up 75% of all antibodies in the blood and is those that cross the placental barrier during pregnancy to impart natural passive immunity to the baby
B) IgG
Match the following antibodies with their description. Use each only once.
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
This antibody can produce major harmful effects associated with allergies.
D) IgE
Match the following antibodies with their description. Use each only once.
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
This antibody immature B cells produce and insert onto their plasma membrane. It is the predominant class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen
C) IgM
Match the following antibodies with their description. Use each only once.
A) IgA
B) IgG
C) IgM
D) IgE
This antibody is present in the mucous membranes of the body, in saliva and tears
A) IgA
. The second stage of development of a naïve B cell must be initiated by what?
A) Production and insertion of antibodies on the plasma membrane
B) The binding between an inactive (naive) B cell and its specific antigen
C) Production of memory B cells
D) All of the above
B) The binding between an inactive (naive) B cell and its specific antigen
What is on the surface of an antigen molecule and is the part of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign?
A) antigen-antibody complex
B) Complement
C) Epitope
D) Antibody
C) Epitope
What type of immunity occurs when a person’s own immune system responds to a harmful agent through exposure to an infection?
A) Passive Natural
B) Active Natural
C) Passive Artificial
D) Active Artificial
B) Active Natural
What type of cells are involved in innate immunity?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
D) A & B only
C) Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells
What is the second line of defense?
A) Skin
B) Mucous membranes
C) Sebum, mucus, and enzymes
D) The inflammatory response
D) The inflammatory response
What is the name given to the 30 plus+ inactive enzymes that lyse the foreign cells that triggered their activation?
a) interferon
b) complement
c) plasma cells
d) effector cells
b) complement
Which of the following is not one of the possible effects of the formation of an antibody-antigen complex?
A) Contact killing of the target cell
B) Agglutination of the antigens for mass phagocytosis
C) Transformation of the antigens into harmless substances
D) Exposure of the antibodies complement binding sites
A) Contact killing of the target cell
What term refers to the resistance provided by genetic characteristics against certain pathogens?
A) Passive natural immunity
B) Active natural immunity
C) Artificial immunity
D) Species resistance
D) Species resistance
What inflammatory mediator increases capillary permeability and dilation and also attracts WBCs to the injury site?
A) Histamines…………cause “itching” to encourage organism to remove an irritant. In food allergies, histamine reactions can cause vomiting & diarrhea. Histamine also flushes cheeks & can swell tongue. Histamine also constricts bronchiole smooth muscles making it harder to breath. Can also contribute to anaphylaxis.
B) kinins…Kinins are proteins in the blood that cause inflammation and affect blood pressure (especially low blood pressure). They also: Increase blood flow throughout the body. Make it easier for fluids to pass through small blood vessels. Kinins trigger vasodilation & increase vascular permeability,
C) Prostaglandins---are local tissue substance with hormone-like actions, The prostaglandins are a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labor.
D) Cytokines….Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells. When released, they signal the immune system to do its job. Cytokines affect the growth of all blood cells and other cells that help the body's immune and inflammation responses.
C) Prostaglandins
What term refers to the movement of phagocytes through the blood vessels and into the inflamed tissues?
A) Diapedesis
B) Chemotaxis
C) Phagocytosis
D) Migration
A) Diapedesis
What type of immunity is a normal, sometimes undesirable, reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species?
A) Autoimmunity
B) Isoimmunity
C) Allergy
D) A & B
B) Isoimmunity
Which of the following is not one of the main functions of the spleen?
A) Blood reservoir
B) Thymosin production
C) Defense
D) Hematopoiesis
E) RBC and platelet destruction
Thymosin production
How does lymph and interstitial fluid differ from plasma?
A) Plasma has more lymphocytes
B) Lymph and interstitial fluid have more lymphocytes
C) Plasma has more proteins
C) Plasma has more proteins
Which of the following does not contribute to the flow of lymph?
A) Massage of soft tissues
B) Postural changes
C) Skeletal muscle contractions
D) Increased consumption of water
E) The process of inspiration
D) Increased consumption of water
The defense functions of the lymph nodes include ______.
A) Filtration
B) RBC destruction
C) Phagocytosis
D) All of the above
E) A & C only
E) A & C only
Which of the following is not one of the tonsils?
A) lacteal
B) palatine
C) lingual
D) pharyngeal
A) lacteal
An infection of a lymph node is termed:
A) lymphedema
B) lymphangitis
C) adenitis
D) tonsillitis
C) adenitis
What are the two most important functions of the lymphatic system?
A) defense and hematopoiesis
B) blood reservoir and phagocytosis
C) fluid balance and immunity
D) filtration and platelet destruction
C) fluid balance and immunity
The cortical and medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes are lined with _____ which are capable of ______.
A) eosinophils, filtration
B) macrophages, phagocytosis
C) lymphocytes, antibody rejection
D) All of the above
E) A & B only
B) macrophages, phagocytosis
There are two sets of lymphatics which drain the breast. One drains the _____ and the other drains the _____ of the breast.
A) skin, substance
B) substance, nipple and areola
C) skin, sternum
D) axillary region, skin
A) skin, substance
What are the two types of immune mechanisms?
A) Innate and non-specific
B) Innate & adaptive
C) Adaptive & specific
D) Active and passive
E) Natural and artificial
B) Innate & adaptive
Which component(s) of the lymphatic system perform the 2 functions of defense & hematopoiesis (only)?
A) Spleen
B) Lymph nodes
C) Thymus
D) Bursa of Fabricius
B) Lymph nodes
What protein restricts the ability of viruses to cause disease by preventing viruses from multiplying in cells?
A) Complement
B) Immunizations
C) Immunoglobulins
D) Interferon
D) Interferon
What is a term for a family of cells, all of which have descended from one cell?
A) Antibody
B) Antigen
C) Clone
D) Complement
C) Clone
What are macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses? They also identify the cell as “self” or “non-self?”
A) Antibody
B) Antigen
C) Clone
D) Complement
B) Antigen are macromolecules that trigger immune responses and help identify cells as "self" or "non-self."
An effector cell is:
A) A cell that functions in innate immunity
B) An inactive B or T cell
C) a B or T cell that has been activated but is not mounting an immune response
D) a B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response
D) a B or T cell that is actively producing an immune response.
Which of the following cause fever and enhance pain?
A) histamines
B) kinins
C) prostaglandins
D) phagocytes
C) prostaglandins are lipid compounds that promote inflammation, cause fever, and enhance the sensation of pain.
What is the term for the attraction of additional WBCs to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators?
A) phagocytosis
B) autoimmunity
C) diapedesis
D) chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the process by which additional white blood cells (WBCs) are attracted to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators.
What term refers to an inactive B or T cell?
A) effector
B) naïve ~the term “virgin” is also used to refer to inactive B or T cells
C) memory cell
D) plasma cell
naïve ~the term “virgin” is also used to refer to inactive B or T cells.
How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?
A) They are the same
B) Blood capillaries have a larger diameter
C) Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended
D) Lymphatic capillaries are more artistically placed throughout the body
C) Lymphatic capillaries are blind-ended
Which white blood cell type results in the most diverse descendants?
A) neutrophil
B) lymphocyte
C) eosinophil
D) monocyte
E) basophil
B) Lymphocyte
Bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that cause infectious diseases are called ____________.
A) vectors
B) pathogens
C) pandemics
D) antibiotics
E) shellfish
B) pathogens
An epidemic that spreads across a large country, continent, or the entire globe is described as a ____________________.
A) Vector
B) Pandemic
C) Reservoir
D) Endemic
B) Pandemic
Why is rheumatoid arthritis an autoimmune disease?
A) The immune system has learned to tolerate cells in joints.
B) The immune system cures the arthritis over time
C) Cells in joints are attacked by antibodies
D) No antibodies are produced in order to protect the joints
C) Cells in joints are attacked by antibodies.
Which of these statements are true regarding coronary artery disease?
A) Genetics is not a possible cause.
B) Diet is a possible cause.
C) All of the genetic factors have been identified.
D) This disease involves a blockage in veins.
B) Diet is a possible cause.
A ______________________ results from an error in a biochemical pathway.
A) Degenerative disease
B) Metabolic disease
C) Cancer
D) Allergy
B) Metabolic disease
What fluid fills the spaces in between the cells?
A) intracellular fluid
B) interstitial fluid
C) blood
D) plasma
E) lymph
B) interstitial fluid
Which description best sums up a lymph node?
A) Any organ that is being attacked by pathogens
B) Capsules in lymphatic vessels that are filled with B & T cells
C) “dead ends” where lymphatic vessels come to an end
D) A type of pathogen that attacks the immune system
E) Any generally localized “gland”
B) Capsules in lymphatic vessels that are filled with B & T cells
Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the:
A) blood and the lymph
B) bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
C) spleen and liver
D) lymph in the lymphatic tissues
B) bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the:
A) adult spleen
B) lymphatic nodules
C) thymus gland
D) tonsils
A) adult spleen
Which organ receives immature T cells, then raises them to maturity- then releases them?
A) Spleen
B) Bursa of Fabricius
C) Thymus
D) Lacteal
C) Thymus
What is found in the spleen, red bone marrow and lymph nodes that fight microbes?
A) Blood
B) Antibodies
C) Natural killer cells
D) Inflammation
C) Natural killer cells
What makes the lymph fluid move through the body?
A) Gravity and skeletal muscle contractions
B) muscle contractions and gravity
C) pressure changes caused by breathing and gravity
D) The beating of the heart and gravity
E) Muscle contractions and pressure changes caused by breathing
E) Muscle contractions and pressure changes caused by breathing
What happens in the lymph nodes as lymph flows through them?
A) reticular fibers filter out debris
B) foreign substances are destroyed
C) plasma and mature T cells are added
D) white blood cells are made
E) A, B and C are correct
E) A, B and C are correct. Lymph nodes filter lymph and help to destroy foreign substances, while also adding plasma and mature T cells.
One of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is:
A) increased release of T and B cells
B) depression of the inflammatory response
C) inhibition of interleukin secretion
D) decreased activity of cytotoxic T cells
B) depression of the inflammatory response
To which of the following would the immune system not respond?
A) decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney
B) physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin
C) influenza virus
D) Wucheria bancrofti
E) cancerous cell in the lung
A) decreased levels of blood flow at the kidney. The immune system typically does not respond to changes in blood flow, as it is not a direct threat or pathogen.
The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that cannot distinguish one potential threat from another are called:
A) abnormal nontoxicity
B) the immune response
C) specific defenses
D) nonspecific defenses
D) nonspecific defenses
The major components of the lymphatic system include:
A) spleen, thymus, and tonsils
B) thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, and lymph nodes
C) lymph nodes, lymph, and lymphocytes
D) lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
D) lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
An example of a free macrophage is a (n):
A) microglial cell……..are also free (highly) motile central nervous system ONLY macrophage-like phagocytic cells
B) Kupffer cell………..are FIXED macrophages in liver sinusoids
C) alveolar macrophage
D) all of the above
C) alveolar macrophage, which are free-moving phagocytic cells found in the lungs, playing a crucial role in respiratory health.
Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are:
A) helper T and suppressor T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cells
D) NK and B cells
A) helper T and suppressor T cells
Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of nonspecific defense?
A) phagocytes
B) physical barriers
C) interferons
D) complement
E) pyrogens
B) physical barriers, which serve as the first line of defense against pathogens by preventing their entry into the body.
The "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is:
A) interferon
B) pathogens
C) complement system
D) phagocytes
D) phagocytes
A specific defense mechanism is always activated by:
A) an antibody
B) inflammation
C) fever
D) an antigen
D) an antigen, which is a substance that triggers an immune response, leading to the activation of specific defenses such as antibody production.
Obstruction of the flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels can lead to an accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues. This condition is characterized by pain and swelling, and is called
lymphedema.
The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth.
A) true B) false
B) false
Which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen?
A) Its cells include T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.
B) Its cells are arranged in clusters that are circular in shape.
C) It contains a central artery…This is true because the white pulp in spleen contains clusters of leukocytes brought in by the splenic artery. The T-lymphocytes in the spleen’s white pulp are mostly T-helper cells.
D) It serves as a blood reservoir….because the red pulp is this
D) It serves as a blood reservoir, which is a function of the red pulp of the spleen, not the white pulp.
One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood.
A) true B) false
A) true
