PE - Principles & Theories of Learning

What is the insight / cognitive learning theory?

We learn our new behaviours by adapting our actions to suit the environment that we are in

What are the cues that games players respond to and why do they respond to them?

• Formation of opposition

• Teammeate’s skill set

• Weather conditions

• Requirements of the match

They formulate a response to these cues due to their past experiences and knowledge of the situation

Why is it important for a performer to take part in many match like situations?

To provide the performer with the knowledge required to make adjustments to technique

What are the 4 key points for insight / cognitive learning?

• THOUGHT PROCESS

• UNDERSTAND

• WHOLE PROBLEM

• PROBLEM SOLVING

What is operant conditioning?

The outcome of our behaviour will determine how likely we are to repeat the same behaviour when faced with the same stimulus again

What are the 3 laws affecting the link between stimulus and response?

• Law of exercise

• Law of effect

• Law of readiness

What is the law of exercise?

Repetition will strengthen the S-R bond

What is the law of effect?

Positive outcome will strengthen and negative outcome will weaken the S-R bond

What is the law of readiness?

The athlete must be in the right condition to perform the correct response

What are the 3 techniques coaches may use during operant conditioning?

• Positive reinforcement

• Negative reinforcement

• Punishment

DIFFERENT TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

What is positive reinforcement?

A reinforcement that strengthens the S-R bond by rewarding athletes after they have displayed the desired behaviour

E.G. a coach praising a pass after the performer did it in the match

What is negative reinforcement?

A reinforcement that strengthens the S-R bond by providing a megative action when the desired behaviour is displayed 

E.G. When a player does a pass wrong they have to do 5 press ups and when they do it right the coach removes the press ups

What is punishment?

Weakens the S-R bond by providing a negative action or removing a positive action when an athlete displays the incorrect behaviour

What is the social/observational learning theory?

The idea that we learn by observing others

When is this form of learning effective?

If the person being observed has the required skills and is considered a significant other

What are the 4 stages of social learning theory?

• Attention

• Retention

• Motor reproduction

• Motivation

What is attention?

The athlete must pay close attention to the performance done by a significant other who displays the correct technique

What is retention?

The athlete stores the movement in their memory and is able to recall it when required

What is motor reproduction?

The athlete performs the sction by themselves. They must repeat it in order to become fluent and they must possess the physical abilities to perform it

What is motivation?

The athlete must remain motivated in order to continue developing the skill

What is the social development theory?

• Learning is constructed in stages

• Development of cognition is influenced by the zone of proximal development

What is inter-psychological learning?

Skills that are learnt from external people

What is intra-psychological learning?

Once advice is taken, the learner uses the cognitive aspects of skill acquisition to piece together actions they need to conduct

What are the stages of the social development theory?

• What can I do alone?

• What can I do with help?

• What can’t I do

How do you optimise learning using the social development theory?

• Best for the experienced player to help the novice through the skill

• The exoerienced player should slowly decrease the amount of help they give until the novice can complete the skill with no help

What is an MKO?

A More Knowledgable Other - anyone with a greater understanding of the sport/skill