Religious reasons for the reformation

In 1517 H8 wrote…

‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ (‘Defense of the Seven Sacraments’)

H8 dedicated ‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ to…

Pope Leo X

In 1517 H8 wrote…

‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ (‘Defense of the Seven Sacraments’)

H8 dedicated ‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’ to…

Pope Leo X

what was H8 awarded with for writing ‘Assertio Septem Sacramentorum’

 the title ‘Fidei Defensor’ (Defender of Faith)

by 1537 H8 had…

broken from Rome & had established his own church

in his youth H8 was a…

staunch Catholic & a prominent critic of Luther’s ideas

in his youth H8 was a staunch Catholic & a prominent critic of Luther’s ideas, meaning that he was…

actively aware of the Protestant reformation in Europe, and challenges the idea that he was manipulated by his reformist advisors into the reformation

Protestantism could also be considered …

anticlericalism

Protestantism had spread to england by the..

1530s

Most people accepted the…

Pope’s power

Dissent towards the papacy did exist, but …

it was limited to small groups, especially in the south-east

There was no great loyalty to the Pope - especially after…

1534 when the great majority of people seemed to have accepted the removal of Roman authority without protest

support for religious orders…

continued

there is evidence of a … for religious orders

slight decline in respect & enthusiasm

the clergy was…

generally respected

There was some …towards priests

hostility in the south-east (especially in London)

support for parish churches…

remained high

Relationships between priests and the people were…

more often harmonious than not

what evidence is there for a decline in respect & enthusiasm

fall in the numbers of abbey, priories & friars built

what evidence is here for continued support of parish churches

large numbers of churches & chapels were built between 1490-1529 with significant donations provided by the public. Significant sums were left in pensioners’ wills for the purpose of furnishing parish churches

There were many religious guilds…

in existence & were active, prosperous & locally supported

 There was less enthusiasm towards religious guilds in the…

south-east

what evidence is there for religious guilds being active and supported

they were left money in wills by a large percentage of people (57% in Devon & Cornwall between 1520 - 1529)

sacraments & rituals remained…

largely popular, shown through high attendance at Mass. The extensive amount of expensive equipment required for celebration of Mass implies support for the ceremonies.

opposition for sacrements and rituals was confined to the…

south east

intercession continued to…

attract substantial support

what support did intercessions have

 the continued foundation of chantries to provide prayers & masses for the souls of the dead in their passage to purgatory

Until the 1530s, …

three-dimensional representations of God/the saints continued to be widely utilised as aids to prayer

There was some criticism of …

pilgrimages and the readiness of local communities to accept iconoclasm suggests a lack of enthusiasm for images.