Whatever happened to the Harappan Civilization

Civilisation

human society with its well developed social organizations, or the culture and way of life of a society or country at a particular period in time

Shed light on

to explain a situation

Disappearance

loss, vanishing

Flourish

grow, thrive, prosper

Abandon

leave

Sophisticated

developed to a high degree of complexity

Megacity

a very large city, usually one with a population of over 10 million people

Luxury

very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars etc

Depiction

picture, portrait, image, painting, illustration

self-imagery

the use of words or picture to describe about his or her personality or achievements,...

Representation

picture, painting, drawing, picture, illustration

Mystery

something that is difficult to understand or to explain

Archaeological

related to the study of ancient societies by examining what remains of their buildings, tools etc

Alleyway

a narrow street between or behind buildings

well

a deep hole in the ground from which people take water

Drainage

the system of water or waste liquids flowing away from somewhere into the ground or down pipes

Thriving

flourishing, prosperous, growing, developing, successful

Transformation

change, alteration

Ritual

a set of actions or words performed in a regular way, often as part of a religious ceremony

Fall/Go/Be out of use

a machine, place etc that goes out of use or is out of use is not being used

Demise

the end of something that was previously considered to be powerful

Glacier

a large mass of ice that moves slowly

Course

flow, direction

Cope with

deal with, face

Exhaust

run out, use up, deplete

Succumb to smt

give in = to stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control

Invasion

an occasion when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country

Provision

the act of providing smt

Solid

strong, certain, firm, concrete

Speculation

assumption, theory

Investigation

study, inspection

Be supposed to be

be expected to be

Inhabit

live in, settle in, dwell in, reside in

In relation to

in connection with something

Inaccuracy

a situation in which a fact or measurement is not completely correct or exact

Settlement

a group of houses and buildings where people live, especially in a place where few people have lived before

flaw

faulty, imperfect, shoddy # flawless, perfect.

Fieldwork

the testing of scientific theories in real situations

Astonishing

amazing, surprising, shocking

Definitive

conclusive, final, ultimate

Plain

a large area of flat land

Shell

the hard outer covering of something, especially nuts, eggs, and some animals

Sediment

the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid

A means of Ving

a way of doing smt

Trace

find, discover

Monsoon

rainy season.

Abrupt

sudden, unexpected # gradual

Evaporation

the process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas

Exceed

to be greater than a particular number or amount

Indicative

a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen

drought

a long period when there is little or no rain

Estimate

calculate, approximate, guess, evaluate

Variable

likely to change often # fixed

Obtain

get, acquire, earn, achieve

Grain

a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat

Cultivate

to prepare land and grow crops

on it, or to grow a particular crop

Work out

to find the answer to something

Extreme

severse, intense, excessive, harsh

stress

force

Adjust

modify, adapt

Pottery

objects that are made out of clay by hand

Distinctive

easy to recognize because it is different from other things

Specific

exact, precise, detailed, explicit # vague

Insight (into something)

an understanding of what something is like

Interactive

involving communication

Unique

sole, exclusive # common

Investigate

examine, explore, study, research

Respond to smt

react = to do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done

threat

danger, risk

Administrative

relating to the arrangements and work that is needed to control the operation of a plan or organization

body

group of people who joined together for a particular reason

Proactive

taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens # passive

Preserve

protect, conserve, save, sustain, maintain, keep # destroy

Heritage

the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character