Studied by 6 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Civilization is the term used to describe a society differentiated by levels of wealth and power, and in which military, religious, economic, and political control are based in __________.
cities
The Paleolithic Age witnessed the development of cave art, the division of labor between men and women, and the discovery of __________.
fire
The Neolithic Revolution was the move from hunting and gathering toward the systematic growing of __________.
crops
One of the first ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia began in an area known as __________ around 3000 B.C.
Sumer
Sargon the Great was the founder of the __________ and was known for establishing the first empire in Mesopotamia.
Akkadian Empire
Hammurabi was the most famous of the Amorite kings of the Babylonian Empire who developed a significant set of __________.
laws
Mesopotamian 'wedge-shaped' writing is known as __________.
Cuneiform
The __________ is a great literary epic of the ancient Sumerians.
Epic of Gilgamesh
The Nile River was of paramount importance in the development of __________ civilization.
Egyptian
Ancient Egyptian history is divided into three major periods: The Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the __________ Kingdom.
New
The Egyptians were __________ and during the Old Kingdom their chief god was Re, the sun god.
polytheistic
During the New Kingdom of Egyptian history rulers took on the title of __________.
pharaoh
Osiris was the Egyptian god most closely associated with the process of __________.
mummification
__________ was the primary writing system used in ancient Egypt, it included symbols that represented sounds and objects.
Hieroglyphics
The Egyptian number system was based on the number __________.
10
Greek, Latin, Persian, and other similar languages belong to the __________ language group.
Indo-European
Geographically, Minoan civilization was located on the island of __________ in the Mediterranean Sea.
Crete
__________ was the undeciphered primary script used in the palace and religious writings of Minoan civilization.
Linear A
The Mycenaeans belonged to the __________ language group.
Indo-European
The virtue of being a skilled __________ was considered the most important to the Mycenaeans.
warrior
The earliest written form of Greek used by the Mycenaeans was known as __________.
Linear B
According to their religious tradition, Abraham is considered the patriarch of the __________ people.
Hebrew
King __________ is credited with founding Jerusalem and is considered the greatest king of Israel.
David
There were three important aspects of Hebrew Religious Tradition – The __________, the Law, and the Prophets.
Covenant
The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and the Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews occurred at the hands of the __________.
Chaldeans
A simplified alphabet and system of writing was the __________ most important contribution to the ancient Near East.
Phoenicians'.
Assyrians were the __________ conquerors of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
warlike
The Assyrian military used terror tactics, had a well-trained and disciplined army that used __________ weapons, and used horse-drawn war chariots.
iron
The construction of the __________ was one of the architectural achievements during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
During the Greek Archaic Age, the Greeks adopted the __________ from the Phoenicians.
alphabet
The __________ was a work of epic poetry that tells the story of the Trojan War with its theme being the wrath of a Greek hero named Achilles.
Iliad
A Greek __________ was an independent, self-governing city-state.
polis
The __________ was a new Greek military formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder in ranks often eight men deep.
phalanx
Democracy involves rule by the people and does not discriminate based on __________ or wealth.
birth
The aristocracy in Athens faced economic problems caused by families being sold into slavery; as a result, they turned power over to __________ to save Athens.
Solon
Cleisthenes began the major reforms that would create __________ democracy.
Athenian
Cyrus the Great founded the __________ Empire.
Persian
Miltiades led the Athenians and their Greek allies to victory at the __________ of Marathon.
Battle
Xerxes was the Persian ruler who led the Second Persian Invasion of Greece in __________ with a force of 150,000 to 250,000 men.
480–479 B.C.
The __________ was a heroic delaying action led by King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans to buy time for Athens to prepare for the Persian invasion.
Battle of Thermopylae
Greek unity was destroyed as a result of the __________ War.
Peloponnesian
Herodotus wrote the 'Persian Wars' and is known as 'the __________ of History.'
Father
Socrates was a famous Greek philosopher who was forced to commit suicide by drinking __________ for 'corrupting the youth of Athens.'
hemlock
Hellenistic is the word used to describe the civilization, based on that of Greece, that developed in the wake of the __________ of Alexander the Great.
conquests
Philip II conquered Greece by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the __________ in 337 B.C.
Battle of Chaeronea
During Alexander III’s reign, he created the largest empire the ancient world had known by the age of __________ and was responsible more than anyone else for the diffusion of Greek culture.
31
Some of the most famous battles commanded by Alexander the Great were the Battle of __________, the Battle of Issus, and the Battle of Gaugamela.
Granicus River
_____________ of Rhodes is best known for his epic poem, 'The Argonautica.'
Apollonius
Epicureanism was founded by __________ and its teachings are sometimes referred to as the 'Doctrine of pleasure.'
Epicurus
Stoicism, founded by __________, emphasized the principles of the acceptance of fate and active participation in public life.
Zeno
__________ of Samos proposed the groundbreaking astronomical theory of the heliocentric view of the universe.
Aristarchus
Eratosthenes is best known for determining the __________ of the Earth.
circumference
Euclid’s most famous contribution to mathematics was compiling '__________,' a comprehensive textbook on geometry.
Elements
Archimedes is best known in mathematics for establishing the value of __________.
pi
Etruscan and Greek cultures influenced the early __________.
Romans
During the Roman Republic, the __________ were the highest civil and military officials.
consuls
Due to political inequality, the __________ occurred between the Patricians and Plebeians and resulted in Plebeians obtaining more power.
Struggle of the Orders
The Laws of the Twelve Tables governed civil and criminal disputes among Roman citizens and became the foundation of the __________ culture of the West.
legal
Hannibal’s greatest victory of the Second Punic War was the __________ of Cannae.
Battle
Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at the __________ of Zama.
Battle
The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome and __________.
Carthage
Crassus and Pompey were the Roman commanders responsible for suppressing the __________ War led by Spartacus.
Third Servile
One result of the efforts of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus was that Roman politics had become more __________.
unstable
The result of military reform proposals, such as abolishing the requirement that a soldier must own land, by Gaius Marius was that the Roman army became more __________ to their commanders than to Rome.
loyal
Lucius Cornelius Sulla set the example of how an army could be used to seize __________ in Rome, became dictator, tried to restore the power of the Senate, and later resigned the dictatorship and retired from Roman politics in 79 B.C.
power
Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great formed a political alliance known as the __________.
First Triumvirate
At the battle of _________
in 31 B.C., Octavian’s forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra, and they retreated to Egypt.
Actium
The reign of __________ is considered a Golden Age for Rome.
Augustus
Nero persecuted Christians, was emperor when the Great Fire of Rome occurred in 64, and was famous for his scandalous __________.
behavior
In 212, the Antonine Decree granted __________ to all the free inhabitants of the Roman Empire.
citizenship
Bread and Circuses is an ancient Roman metaphor for people choosing __________ and fun over political engagement.
food
The __________ is often associated with Jewish life after the destruction of the Second Temple in Judea.
Diaspora
Jesus of Nazareth preached humility, charity, and brotherly love, wrote nothing down, and can only be viewed through oral tradition and the writing of others, was __________, and whose followers began to call themselves Christians.
crucified
One of Paul the Apostle’s key contributions to early Christianity was developing the first coherent Christian __________.
theology
The Edict of Milan issued by __________ in 313 officially tolerated Christianity, allowing Christians to practice their religion freely.
Constantine the Great
In 380, Theodosius the Great declared Christianity as the official __________ of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica.
religion
The Pope became the head of the church in the West based on 'Petrine Primacy'; they followed the line of St. Peter, who was the first __________ of Rome.
Bishop
The First Council of Nicaea in 325 resulted in the formation of the first uniform Christian doctrine, known as the __________ Creed.
Nicene
Saint Benedict of Nursia created the rule that stressed the idea of a communal life of living in a __________ with a focus on prayer, reading, and manual labor.
monastery
After the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire, the eastern half of the empire survived; this eastern half is known as the __________ Empire and survived for another thousand years.
Byzantine
Emperor __________ is considered the most important Byzantine Emperor of the 6th century.
Justinian
The __________ was completed in 537 and was the largest Christian cathedral in the world at that time.
Hagia Sophia
The Iconoclasm Controversy was the dispute over the use of religious __________ in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries.
images
In 1071, the Seljuk Turks crushed the Byzantine army and captured Emperor Romanos Diogenes at the __________ of Manzikert.
Battle
The capital of the __________ Empire was Constantinople.
Byzantine
The __________, Muhammad's flight to Yathrib (Medina) in 622, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Hegira
By the time of his death in 632, Muhammad had unified most of the __________ clans under Islam.
Arab
Muhammad's main role in Islam consisted of being the last __________, delivering the definitive message of God.
prophet
The Muslim holy book is known as the __________.
Qur'an
Charles Martel led the Frankish and Burgundian armies at the Battle of __________, which halted the Muslim advance into Europe.
Tours
The Umayyad Caliphate, based in __________, Syria, was the first stable Muslim state.
Damascus
Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 symbolized a fusion of __________, German, and Christian cultures.
Roman
The __________ officially split the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms.
Treaty of Verdun
The Catholic Church provided a sense of European identity and unity in the former Western Roman Empire after its fall in __________.
476
The Virgin Mary was the highest female figure in the __________ according to medieval Christians.
Middle Ages
Charlemagne was the most important of the Frankish kings from the __________ dynasty.
Carolingian
The Carolingian Renaissance promoted by Charlemagne focused on the 'rebirth' of interest in ancient Greek and __________ literature and language.
Latin
Vikings were Germanic people from __________ who were warriors and shipbuilders who raided other areas of Europe.
Scandinavia
__________ is a social system where lords granted fiefs to vassals in exchange for personal services.
Feudalism
Providing military service was the principal obligation of a __________ to his lord.
vassal
