WesternCiv 1 Final

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161 Terms

1
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Civilization is the term used to describe a society differentiated by levels of wealth and power, and in which military, religious, economic, and political control are based in __________.

cities

2
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The Paleolithic Age witnessed the development of cave art, the division of labor between men and women, and the discovery of __________.

fire

3
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The Neolithic Revolution was the move from hunting and gathering toward the systematic growing of __________.

crops

4
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One of the first ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia began in an area known as __________ around 3000 B.C.

Sumer

5
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Sargon the Great was the founder of the __________ and was known for establishing the first empire in Mesopotamia.

Akkadian Empire

6
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Hammurabi was the most famous of the Amorite kings of the Babylonian Empire who developed a significant set of __________.

laws

7
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Mesopotamian 'wedge-shaped' writing is known as __________.

Cuneiform

8
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The __________ is a great literary epic of the ancient Sumerians.

Epic of Gilgamesh

9
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The Nile River was of paramount importance in the development of __________ civilization.

Egyptian

10
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Ancient Egyptian history is divided into three major periods: The Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the __________ Kingdom.

New

11
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The Egyptians were __________ and during the Old Kingdom their chief god was Re, the sun god.

polytheistic

12
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During the New Kingdom of Egyptian history rulers took on the title of __________.

pharaoh

13
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Osiris was the Egyptian god most closely associated with the process of __________.

mummification

14
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__________ was the primary writing system used in ancient Egypt, it included symbols that represented sounds and objects.

Hieroglyphics

15
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The Egyptian number system was based on the number __________.

10

16
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Greek, Latin, Persian, and other similar languages belong to the __________ language group.

Indo-European

17
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Geographically, Minoan civilization was located on the island of __________ in the Mediterranean Sea.

Crete

18
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__________ was the undeciphered primary script used in the palace and religious writings of Minoan civilization.

Linear A

19
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The Mycenaeans belonged to the __________ language group.

Indo-European

20
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The virtue of being a skilled __________ was considered the most important to the Mycenaeans.

warrior

21
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The earliest written form of Greek used by the Mycenaeans was known as __________.

Linear B

22
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According to their religious tradition, Abraham is considered the patriarch of the __________ people.

Hebrew

23
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King __________ is credited with founding Jerusalem and is considered the greatest king of Israel.

David

24
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There were three important aspects of Hebrew Religious Tradition – The __________, the Law, and the Prophets.

Covenant

25
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The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and the Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews occurred at the hands of the __________.

Chaldeans

26
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A simplified alphabet and system of writing was the __________ most important contribution to the ancient Near East.

Phoenicians'.

27
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Assyrians were the __________ conquerors of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

warlike

28
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The Assyrian military used terror tactics, had a well-trained and disciplined army that used __________ weapons, and used horse-drawn war chariots.

iron

29
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The construction of the __________ was one of the architectural achievements during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

30
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During the Greek Archaic Age, the Greeks adopted the __________ from the Phoenicians.

alphabet

31
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The __________ was a work of epic poetry that tells the story of the Trojan War with its theme being the wrath of a Greek hero named Achilles.

Iliad

32
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A Greek __________ was an independent, self-governing city-state.

polis

33
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The __________ was a new Greek military formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder in ranks often eight men deep.

phalanx

34
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Democracy involves rule by the people and does not discriminate based on __________ or wealth.

birth

35
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The aristocracy in Athens faced economic problems caused by families being sold into slavery; as a result, they turned power over to __________ to save Athens.

Solon

36
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Cleisthenes began the major reforms that would create __________ democracy.

Athenian

37
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Cyrus the Great founded the __________ Empire.

Persian

38
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Miltiades led the Athenians and their Greek allies to victory at the __________ of Marathon.

Battle

39
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Xerxes was the Persian ruler who led the Second Persian Invasion of Greece in __________ with a force of 150,000 to 250,000 men.

480–479 B.C.

40
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The __________ was a heroic delaying action led by King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans to buy time for Athens to prepare for the Persian invasion.

Battle of Thermopylae

41
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Greek unity was destroyed as a result of the __________ War.

Peloponnesian

42
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Herodotus wrote the 'Persian Wars' and is known as 'the __________ of History.'

Father

43
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Socrates was a famous Greek philosopher who was forced to commit suicide by drinking __________ for 'corrupting the youth of Athens.'

hemlock

44
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Hellenistic is the word used to describe the civilization, based on that of Greece, that developed in the wake of the __________ of Alexander the Great.

conquests

45
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Philip II conquered Greece by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the __________ in 337 B.C.

Battle of Chaeronea

46
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During Alexander III’s reign, he created the largest empire the ancient world had known by the age of __________ and was responsible more than anyone else for the diffusion of Greek culture.

31

47
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Some of the most famous battles commanded by Alexander the Great were the Battle of __________, the Battle of Issus, and the Battle of Gaugamela.

Granicus River

48
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_____________ of Rhodes is best known for his epic poem, 'The Argonautica.'

Apollonius

49
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Epicureanism was founded by __________ and its teachings are sometimes referred to as the 'Doctrine of pleasure.'

Epicurus

50
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Stoicism, founded by __________, emphasized the principles of the acceptance of fate and active participation in public life.

Zeno

51
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__________ of Samos proposed the groundbreaking astronomical theory of the heliocentric view of the universe.

Aristarchus

52
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Eratosthenes is best known for determining the __________ of the Earth.

circumference

53
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Euclid’s most famous contribution to mathematics was compiling '__________,' a comprehensive textbook on geometry.

Elements

54
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Archimedes is best known in mathematics for establishing the value of __________.

pi

55
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Etruscan and Greek cultures influenced the early __________.

Romans

56
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During the Roman Republic, the __________ were the highest civil and military officials.

consuls

57
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Due to political inequality, the __________ occurred between the Patricians and Plebeians and resulted in Plebeians obtaining more power.

Struggle of the Orders

58
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The Laws of the Twelve Tables governed civil and criminal disputes among Roman citizens and became the foundation of the __________ culture of the West.

legal

59
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Hannibal’s greatest victory of the Second Punic War was the __________ of Cannae.

Battle

60
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Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal at the __________ of Zama.

Battle

61
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The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome and __________.

Carthage

62
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Crassus and Pompey were the Roman commanders responsible for suppressing the __________ War led by Spartacus.

Third Servile

63
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One result of the efforts of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus was that Roman politics had become more __________.

unstable

64
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The result of military reform proposals, such as abolishing the requirement that a soldier must own land, by Gaius Marius was that the Roman army became more __________ to their commanders than to Rome.

loyal

65
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Lucius Cornelius Sulla set the example of how an army could be used to seize __________ in Rome, became dictator, tried to restore the power of the Senate, and later resigned the dictatorship and retired from Roman politics in 79 B.C.

power

66
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Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great formed a political alliance known as the __________.

First Triumvirate

67
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At the battle of _________

in 31 B.C., Octavian’s forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra, and they retreated to Egypt.

Actium

68
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The reign of __________ is considered a Golden Age for Rome.

Augustus

69
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Nero persecuted Christians, was emperor when the Great Fire of Rome occurred in 64, and was famous for his scandalous __________.

behavior

70
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In 212, the Antonine Decree granted __________ to all the free inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

citizenship

71
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Bread and Circuses is an ancient Roman metaphor for people choosing __________ and fun over political engagement.

food

72
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The __________ is often associated with Jewish life after the destruction of the Second Temple in Judea.

Diaspora

73
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Jesus of Nazareth preached humility, charity, and brotherly love, wrote nothing down, and can only be viewed through oral tradition and the writing of others, was __________, and whose followers began to call themselves Christians.

crucified

74
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One of Paul the Apostle’s key contributions to early Christianity was developing the first coherent Christian __________.

theology

75
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The Edict of Milan issued by __________ in 313 officially tolerated Christianity, allowing Christians to practice their religion freely.

Constantine the Great

76
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In 380, Theodosius the Great declared Christianity as the official __________ of the Roman Empire with the Edict of Thessalonica.

religion

77
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The Pope became the head of the church in the West based on 'Petrine Primacy'; they followed the line of St. Peter, who was the first __________ of Rome.

Bishop

78
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The First Council of Nicaea in 325 resulted in the formation of the first uniform Christian doctrine, known as the __________ Creed.

Nicene

79
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Saint Benedict of Nursia created the rule that stressed the idea of a communal life of living in a __________ with a focus on prayer, reading, and manual labor.

monastery

80
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After the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire, the eastern half of the empire survived; this eastern half is known as the __________ Empire and survived for another thousand years.

Byzantine

81
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Emperor __________ is considered the most important Byzantine Emperor of the 6th century.

Justinian

82
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The __________ was completed in 537 and was the largest Christian cathedral in the world at that time.

Hagia Sophia

83
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The Iconoclasm Controversy was the dispute over the use of religious __________ in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries.

images

84
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In 1071, the Seljuk Turks crushed the Byzantine army and captured Emperor Romanos Diogenes at the __________ of Manzikert.

Battle

85
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The capital of the __________ Empire was Constantinople.

Byzantine

86
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The __________, Muhammad's flight to Yathrib (Medina) in 622, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Hegira

87
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By the time of his death in 632, Muhammad had unified most of the __________ clans under Islam.

Arab

88
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Muhammad's main role in Islam consisted of being the last __________, delivering the definitive message of God.

prophet

89
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The Muslim holy book is known as the __________.

Qur'an

90
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Charles Martel led the Frankish and Burgundian armies at the Battle of __________, which halted the Muslim advance into Europe.

Tours

91
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The Umayyad Caliphate, based in __________, Syria, was the first stable Muslim state.

Damascus

92
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Charlemagne's coronation as Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 symbolized a fusion of __________, German, and Christian cultures.

Roman

93
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The __________ officially split the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms.

Treaty of Verdun

94
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The Catholic Church provided a sense of European identity and unity in the former Western Roman Empire after its fall in __________.

476

95
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The Virgin Mary was the highest female figure in the __________ according to medieval Christians.

Middle Ages

96
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Charlemagne was the most important of the Frankish kings from the __________ dynasty.

Carolingian

97
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The Carolingian Renaissance promoted by Charlemagne focused on the 'rebirth' of interest in ancient Greek and __________ literature and language.

Latin

98
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Vikings were Germanic people from __________ who were warriors and shipbuilders who raided other areas of Europe.

Scandinavia

99
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__________ is a social system where lords granted fiefs to vassals in exchange for personal services.

Feudalism

100
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Providing military service was the principal obligation of a __________ to his lord.

vassal