Recombination

What is recombination in the context of genetics?

A natural process in eukaryotes and prokaryotes that produces offspring with new genetic combinations (recombinants).

How are recombinant organisms produced in eukaryotes?

Through sexual reproduction.

How are recombinant organisms produced in prokaryotes?

By gene transfer through conjugation, transduction, or transformation.

What are the modes of recombination among sexually reproducing organisms?

Occurs via crossing over or physical exchange between molecules.

What is the significance of each generation of sexually reproducing organisms?

Each generation is a new combination of the parental genomes, based on Mendel's Law.

What are the advantages of recombination?

Increases robustness and adaptability of offspring.

What is heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor?

Mixed individuals are stronger than purebred organisms.

What occurs during meiosis that contributes to recombination?

Duplicated homologous chromosomes line up and recombine by crossing over.

What happens to the recombined duplexes during gamete formation?

They are randomly assorted into gametes, so each gamete contains one set of the recombined parental chromosomes.

What is the process of conjugation in bacteria?

F+ and F- cells conjugate through a bridge, resulting in F- cells becoming F+ cells after mating.

What is transduction in bacterial genetics?

Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) infect bacterial cells and transfer genetic information.

What is transformation in the context of genetic transfer?

The transfer of DNA from one organism to another.

How does crossing over contribute to genetic diversity?

It allows for the physical exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

What role do gametes play in sexual reproduction?

Gametes merge with gametes from other parents carrying recombined chromosomes, resulting in offspring with a recombination of parental genes.

What is the relationship between recombination and adaptability?

Recombination increases the robustness and adaptability of offspring, enabling better survival in changing environments.

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of genetic variation?

Meiosis results in gametes that contain unique combinations of parental genes due to crossing over and independent assortment.