Module 2 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering chemistry concepts, atomic structure, bonds, and solutions from the Module 2 study guide notes.

Element

A pure substance made of only 1 type of atom that cannot be broken down into similar parts by normal chemical tests.

Atom

The basic building block of all matter in the universe.

Proton

A tiny, positive particle found in the center, or nucleus of every atom.

Neutron

A tiny subatomic particle with no electric charge and a mass slightly heavier than a proton.

Electron

A tiny negative charged subatomic particle that orbits the center of an atom.

Atomic number

The total count of protons found inside the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number

The total count of its protons and neutrons combined.

Atomic weight

The average mass of an element's atoms.

Isotopes

Different forms of the same chemical element.

Radioactive

An object or substance that has unstable atoms that break down over time.

Electron orbital

A three-dimensional region around an atom's nucleus where an electron has a high probability.

Electron shells

Energy levels where electrons orbit the center of an atom.

Valence shells

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outer part of an atom.

Chemical bonds

An attractive force that holds atoms or ions together to form molecules and crystals.

Compounds

A substance made of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds in a fixed ratio.

Molecule

A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Electronegativity

How strongly an atom pulls shared electrons toward itself.

Polar

Relating to the earth's North or South pole, having opposite magnetic or electrical ends, or describing a complete, direct opposite.

Nonpolar covalent bond

A chemical link where two atoms share a pair of electrons equally.

Polar covalent bond

A type of chemical link where two atoms share electrons unequally.

Ionic bond

A type of chemical link formed through electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions, or through the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.

Cation

A positive charged ion.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.

Hydrogen bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a strongly negative atom like oxygen.

Solvent solution

The substance that does the dissolving.

Solute

A substance that gets dissolved in another substance to make a mixture called a solution.

Hydrophobic

Water fearing or water repelling.

Hydrophilic

A substance or molecule that is strongly attracted to water and mixes well with it.

Adhesion

The action or process of sticking to a surface or object.

Cohesion

The act, state, or force of sticking together.