Midterm Exam Study Guide

What is Anatomy?

study of form

What is Physiology?

study of function

What is responsiveness?

Ability to sense and react to stimuli

What is reproduction?

Produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair

What is Metabolism?

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

Homeostatis

the ability of an organism to maintain consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions

Describe AP position

Upright stance, feet parallel and flat on floor, upper limbs at the sides of body, palms face anteriorly, head is level, eyes forward

Planes of the body?

Sagittal, coronal, transverse

Plasma Membrane

maintain integrity and shape of cell, obtains nutrients and forms chemical building blocks, disposes of wastes, some capable of cell division

Ribosomes

synthesize proteins

Mitochondria

aerobic cell respiration, complete digestion of fuel molecules to synthesize ATP, powerhouse of cell

Golgi Apparatus

modification, packaging, sorting proteins

Nucleus

control center of cell, houses DNA

Describe active transport

Movement of a solute against its concentration gradient. maintains gradient between ell and interstitial fluid. source of energy determines whether movement is primary or secondary

Diffusion

net movement of ions or molecules from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration

Osmosis

Water version of diffusion

Epithelial Tissue

attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, extensive innervation, and high regeneration capacity

Connective Tissue

cells, ground substance and protein fibers; has an extracellular matrix

Muscle Tissue

contractile; causes movement

Nervous Tissue

transmit nerve impulses; located in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Shapes of Epithelial Tissue

Cuboidal, squamous, columnar, transitional

Cell Layers

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

What are the similarities between bone and catilage?

both start out as mesenchyme and have lacunae

How does bone and cartilage differ?

cartilage is semisolid, avascular
bone is solid, support

Skin

Barrier to outside world, visual indicator of our physiology and health, covers body

Hair

protection, heat detection, sensory reception, and visual identification

Nails

protect distal tips of digits and grasping objects

Cutaneous membrane

skin

Mucous Membrane

open to outside

Serous Membrane

Closed to outside

synovial membrane

joints

Functions of integument?

protection from external environment, prevention of water loss/gain and vitamin D synthesis

Bone funciton?

support and protection, lever of movement, hematopoesis, storage of minerals and energy reserves

What gives the bone the flexibility?

organic components = collagen

What gives the bone the hardness?

inorganic components = hydroxyapatite and salt crystals

What are the bone classification and function?

Long - Structural support/leverage/locomotion

Short - Stability, support
Irregular - protection
Flat - protection and muscle attachment

Plane

simplest, least mobile, side to side movement, carpals/tarsals

Hinge

Like a hinge on a door, elbow knee

Pivot

rotational, atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar

Condyloid

biaxial, wrist and knuckles

Saddle

thumb

Ball and Socket

multiaxial, only two - shoulder and hip

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Supination

Pronation

Elevation

depression

Protraction

retraction

eversion

inversion

dorsiflexion

plantarflexion

medial rotation

lateral rotation

What is an articulation and its characteristics?

contact between bone, bones and cartilage or bones and teeth, also known as a joint

What is the contractile unit of the muscle? How is it defined?

Sarcomere. z disk to z disk

excitability

ability to respond to a stimulus by changing electrical membrane potential

Conductivity

involves sending an electrical change down the length of the cell membrane

Contractility

exhibited when filaments slide past each other

Extensibility

ability to be stretched

Elasticity

ability to return to original length following a lengthening or shortening

Sarcolemma

plasma membrane of the muscle cells

sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of the muscle cell

t-tubules

contain voltage-sensitive calcium channels; highways for the nerve impulse to the SR

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

contains calcium pumps that import calcium and stores it

myosin

thick filaments

actin

thin filaments

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

Hamstring muscles

bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Quadriceps muscles?

Rectus Femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

Agonist

prime mover, does movement

antagonist

muscles whose contractions that opposes of the agonist

Glossus

tongue

Functions of nervous system?

collect info, process and evaluate info, intitate response to info

Astrocytes

form the blood brain barrier: regulate tissue fluid composition: form structural support; assist neuronal development; alter synaptic activity: occupy the space of dying neurons 

Ependymal

produce CSF

Microglia

phagocytic cells that engulf infectious agents and remove debris

Oligodendrocytes

create myelin sheath

Satellite

Electrically insulates and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste

Neurolemmocytes

myelin sheath production

What is a mixed nerve?

Both sensory and motor nerves

Soma

body of neuron

Dendrites

sends signal toward the cell body

axon

carries nerve impulses asay from cell body

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

voluntary, sends to skeletal muscle, senses from special senses, one motor neuron

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

two divisions, involuntary, sends to smooth cardiac and glands, gets sense from visceral sensory, two motor neurons

Divisions of ANS and what they do?

Parasympathetic - rest and digest - conserve energy and resources
Sympatheic - fight or flight - mass activation - emergency, embarrassment, exercise, and excitement

Cholinergic Receptors?

nicotinic and muscarinic, utilize acetylcholine

Adrenergenic receptors?

alpha and beta, utilize norepinephrine

Sulci

depressions between ridges, central sulcus

Gyri

ridges on brain, post-central and pre-central gyrus

Fissure

deep sulci, transverse and longitudinal fissure

ventricles

cavities within the brain, lined with ependymal cells that secrete CSF, include lateral 3rd and ventricles

Cranial Meninges

pia mater - innermost meninges - adheres to brain surface
arachnoid mater - external to pia mater, subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater
Dura mater - tough outer membrane, need to cut it

Where is the lateral ventricle located?

either side of septum pellucidum in cerebrum

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

between thalamus and hypothalamus

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

between pons and cerebellum

Cerebrum

origin of all complex intellectual functions such as intelligence and reasoning, thought, memory and judgement, voluntary control of skeletal muscle and conscious perception of senses.

Hypothalamus

control center of the brain; controls autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, regulates body temperature, thirst center, hunger center, satiety center, sleep/wake cycles, emotional behavior

Thalamus

receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction

Pons

pontine center of respiration; sensory and motor tracts

Medulla

cardiovascular center and respiratory center; proprioceptive info relay

Cerebellum

correct patterns in muscle activity; stores memories of learned movements; regulates activity along voluntary and involuntary motor pathways; adjust movements; maintains equilibrium and posture; receives motor plans and sensory feedback

Frontal lobe

motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning and personality