Practical Research 2 EXAM REVIEW

Quantitative research, according to ______ is "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based
methods ."

Aliaga and Gunderson, (2000),

Quantitiave research is ______ (TIP: MSOG)

Measurable
Statistical
Objective
Generalizable

Types of Experimental Variables

independent
Dependent
Extraneous

These variables are usually manipulated in
an experiment.

Independent

These variables are usually affected by the manipulation of the
independent variables.

Dependent

These variables are also called mediating or intervening variables. These variables are already existing during the conduct of an experiment and could influence the result of the study.

Extraneous

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Descriptive, Correlational, Ex-Post Facto, Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental.

GOAL : to observe and report on a certain phenomenon

VARIABLES : Variables are measured as they occur.

Experimental manipulation is not used.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE : Questionnaire,

Observation

DESCRIPTIVE

GOAL: to determine the nature of the relationship between

variables without looking into the cause

VARIABLES: Variables are measured as they occur.

Experimental manipulation is not used.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: Questionnaire,

Tests, Observation

CORRELATIONAL

GOAL: to infer the causes of a phenomenon which has

already occurred

VARIABLES: Groups exposed to the presumed cause are

compared with those who are not exposed to it.

Experimental manipulation is not used.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: Questionnaire

EX POST FACTO

GOAL: to establish cause-and-effect relationships

VARIABLES: Intact groups are used; individual subjects

are randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups.

Experimental manipulation may have limited use.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: Tests

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL

GOAL: to establish cause-and-effect relationships

VARIABLES: Intact groups are not used; individual subjects

are randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. The

random assignment of individual subjects provides more

conclusiveness regarding the causal relationships between the

variables. Experimental manipulation is used.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: Tests

EXPERIMENTAL

it measures the relationship between two
variables

Pearson's r

it examines the presence of a statistical difference
between two means

T-test

it looks into the statistical difference among the
means of two or more groups

ANOVA

it tests the relationship between several independent variables and one dependent variable.

Multiple regression

Formally introduces the problem that you want to investigate. Contains the general problem of the study which restated with specific details

including the participant, settings and period covered by the study

Statement of the Problem

TWO GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS(SOP)

NON-RESEARCHABLE
RESEARCHABLE

questions of value that are answerable by yes or no

Non-Researchable Question

question of value, opinion or policy raised to gather date

Reserachable question

is a tentative explanation that accounts for set of facts and can
be tested by further investigation.

HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is either accepted or supported. True or False??

True

TWO KINDS OF HYPOTHESES

Null hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis

general statement that states that there is no relationship between two
phenomena under consideration or that there is no association
between two groups.

Null hypothesis

statement that describes that there is a relationship between two selected variables in the study.

Alternative hypothesis

is a peculiar incident that can happen anywhere, with any discipline or in any organization.

Phenomenon

is the traditional, positivist scientific method which refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures to acquire information

Quantitative research

is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or manipulates. It is also the changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types.

Variable

It is also a logical set of attributes, characteristics, numbers, or quantities that can be measured or counted.

data item.

Numerical Variable is also called

Quantitative variable

These are variables with values that describe a quality or characteristic of a data unit like "what type" or "which category."

Categorical variables

These are variables with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity and answer the questions "how many" or "how much."

Numeric variables.