OIA1004 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM I

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30 Terms

1

What are the six basic processes of the digestive system?

Ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, and defecation.

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2

What is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A continuous muscular tube extending from the mouth to the anus, including the stomach, intestines, and associated organs.

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3

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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4

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical breakdown of food by chewing, churning, and mixing, preparing it for chemical digestion.

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5

What is chemical digestion?

The breakdown of food molecules into smaller molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis.

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6

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

In the small intestine.

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7

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

Known as the "brain of the gut," it controls GI tract motility and secretions via the myenteric and submucosal plexuses.

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8

How does the autonomic nervous system regulate the GI tract?

The parasympathetic system stimulates digestion, while the sympathetic system inhibits it.

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9

What is the role of the myenteric plexus?

It controls GI motility.

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10

What are the functions of saliva?

Lubrication, moistening, chemical digestion (salivary amylase), and antibacterial action.

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11

What enzyme in saliva begins carbohydrate digestion?

Salivary amylase.

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12

What is a bolus?

A soft, flexible mass of food mixed with saliva, ready for swallowing.

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13

What are the functions of the stomach?

Mixing food, storing food temporarily, secreting gastric juice, and initiating protein digestion.

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14

What is the composition of gastric juice?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and intrinsic factor.

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15

What is the function of HCl in the stomach?

Kills microbes, denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen to pepsin, and stimulates secretion of digestive hormones.

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16

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

Exocrine function (secretion of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate) and endocrine function (secretion of insulin and glucagon).

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17

What does pancreatic juice contain?

Sodium bicarbonate, amylase, lipase, proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin), and nucleases.

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18

What is the role of bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?

Neutralizes acidic chyme and creates an alkaline environment for enzymes in the small intestine.

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19

What are the functions of the liver?

Bile production, metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, detoxification, vitamin storage, and synthesis of plasma proteins.

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20

What is the function of bile salts?

Emulsification of fats to aid in digestion and absorption.

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21

What is the role of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

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22

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

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23

What structures increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption?

Circular folds, villi, and microvilli.

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24

What are brush-border enzymes?

Enzymes on the surface of microvilli that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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25

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

Absorption of water and electrolytes, bacterial fermentation, and formation and storage of feces.

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26

What is haustral churning?

A type of mechanical digestion where haustra sequentially contract to mix and propel contents.

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27

How does the large intestine contribute to vitamin production?

Gut bacteria synthesize vitamins B and K.

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28

What triggers the defecation reflex?

Stretching of the rectum by feces.

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29

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A condition where stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

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30

What causes constipation?

Reduced intestinal motility, leading to excessive water absorption and hard stools.

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