ANS 42 Midterm 2

Mammals

Animals characterized by having mammary glands and producing milk.

Avian

Referring to birds, which have feathers.

Reptiles

Animals that breathe air and are covered in scales.

Fish

Aquatic animals that have scales, gills, and lack limbs.

Amphibians

Animals that have gills in their larvae stage and live on land as adults.

Archaeopteryx

The earliest known bird ancestor.

Furcula

A fused clavicle in birds, often known as the wishbone.

Lift

The force that keeps a bird in the air, maximized by a larger wing area.

Wing loading

The ratio of body mass to wing area in birds.

Thrust

The force that maintains lift and counters drag during flight.

Drag

The air resistance that a bird must overcome while flying.

Pneumatic bones

Hollow bones in birds that reduce body weight.

Vestigial wings

Wings in flightless birds that are a remnant of their flying ancestors.

Photoreceptors

Cells in the eye that allow birds to see and balance effectively.

Air sacs

Extensions of the lungs that help birds extract oxygen from air.

Koi

An ornamental pond species that originated from the golden carp.

Goldfish

A type of pet fish that originated from the Prussian carp during the Tang Dynasty.

Aquaria

Artificial habitats created for fish, often requiring biological filtration.

Saltwater aquariums

Aquarium systems designed for saltwater fish, which require special materials.

Freshwater fish

Fish that live in freshwater environments, comprising 90% of the aquarium industry.

Squamates

The group of reptiles that includes snakes and lizards.

Chelonians

Reptiles from the order that includes turtles and tortoises.

Crocodilians

Reptiles that include crocodiles and alligators.

Homeotherm

An organism that maintains a constant body temperature.

Poikilotherm

An organism whose body temperature varies with the environment.

Endotherm

An organism that generates its own heat internally.

Ectotherm

An organism that depends on external sources to regulate its body temperature.

Zoonotics

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans.

Fomite

An inanimate object on which infectious agents can be transmitted.

Zooanthroponosis

Conditions where humans transmit diseases to animals.

Rabies

A viral zoonotic disease transmitted primarily through bites.

Newcastle Disease

A viral infection that primarily affects domestic birds.

Psittacosis

A bacterial infection that affects birds and can transmit to humans through aerosols.

Salmonella

A bacterial infection that can cause gastroenteritis and is common in reptiles.

Bartonella Henselae

The bacterium that causes cat scratch fever.

Toxoplasmosis

A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, often associated with cat feces.

Nutrient

A substance consumed that provides nourishment and aids in growth.

Obligate herbivore

An animal that must consume plant-derived foods to thrive.

Obligate carnivore

An animal that must consume animal-derived foods to thrive.

Essential nutrient

A nutrient that must be consumed because the body cannot synthesize it.

Lipids

Molecules that provide energy and are important in cellular function.

Antioxidants

Substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Proteins

Molecules that serve as building blocks for muscles and tissues.

Carbohydrates

Molecules that provide energy, made up of sugar units.

Digestion

The process by which food is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.

Ad libitum

A feeding method that allows animals to eat freely.

Limit feeding

A feeding method that restricts the amount of food an animal can access.

Coprophagy

The re-ingestion of feces to extract additional nutrients.

Avidin

A protein found in egg whites that binds biotin and reduces its availability.

Achromatosis

A condition characterized by a lack of pigment in feathers or skin.

Linoleic acid

An essential fatty acid that requires enzymes to be modified into other fatty acids. (Cats)

BHT

A synthetic antioxidant used to protect essential fatty acids from oxidation.

Omega 3 fatty acids

Essential fatty acids that are crucial for health and must be ingested.

Free radicals

Atoms or molecules that can cause oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Thermal maximum

The highest temperature at which an ectothermic animal can function.

Thermal minimum

The lowest temperature at which an ectothermic animal can function.

Gastroenteritis

An inflammation of the stomach and intestines that can cause severe diarrhea.

Intestinal parasite

Organisms such as worms that live in the intestines and can cause disease.

Fermentation

The process of converting carbohydrates into alcohol or acids using microorganisms.

Crop

The sac before the stomach in birds, place of regurgitation