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Mammals
Animals characterized by having mammary glands and producing milk.
Avian
Referring to birds, which have feathers.
Reptiles
Animals that breathe air and are covered in scales.
Fish
Aquatic animals that have scales, gills, and lack limbs.
Amphibians
Animals that have gills in their larvae stage and live on land as adults.
Archaeopteryx
The earliest known bird ancestor.
Furcula
A fused clavicle in birds, often known as the wishbone.
Lift
The force that keeps a bird in the air, maximized by a larger wing area.
Wing loading
The ratio of body mass to wing area in birds.
Thrust
The force that maintains lift and counters drag during flight.
Drag
The air resistance that a bird must overcome while flying.
Pneumatic bones
Hollow bones in birds that reduce body weight.
Vestigial wings
Wings in flightless birds that are a remnant of their flying ancestors.
Photoreceptors
Cells in the eye that allow birds to see and balance effectively.
Air sacs
Extensions of the lungs that help birds extract oxygen from air.
Koi
An ornamental pond species that originated from the golden carp.
Goldfish
A type of pet fish that originated from the Prussian carp during the Tang Dynasty.
Aquaria
Artificial habitats created for fish, often requiring biological filtration.
Saltwater aquariums
Aquarium systems designed for saltwater fish, which require special materials.
Freshwater fish
Fish that live in freshwater environments, comprising 90% of the aquarium industry.
Squamates
The group of reptiles that includes snakes and lizards.
Chelonians
Reptiles from the order that includes turtles and tortoises.
Crocodilians
Reptiles that include crocodiles and alligators.
Homeotherm
An organism that maintains a constant body temperature.
Poikilotherm
An organism whose body temperature varies with the environment.
Endotherm
An organism that generates its own heat internally.
Ectotherm
An organism that depends on external sources to regulate its body temperature.
Zoonotics
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans.
Fomite
An inanimate object on which infectious agents can be transmitted.
Zooanthroponosis
Conditions where humans transmit diseases to animals.
Rabies
A viral zoonotic disease transmitted primarily through bites.
Newcastle Disease
A viral infection that primarily affects domestic birds.
Psittacosis
A bacterial infection that affects birds and can transmit to humans through aerosols.
Salmonella
A bacterial infection that can cause gastroenteritis and is common in reptiles.
Bartonella Henselae
The bacterium that causes cat scratch fever.
Toxoplasmosis
A parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, often associated with cat feces.
Nutrient
A substance consumed that provides nourishment and aids in growth.
Obligate herbivore
An animal that must consume plant-derived foods to thrive.
Obligate carnivore
An animal that must consume animal-derived foods to thrive.
Essential nutrient
A nutrient that must be consumed because the body cannot synthesize it.
Lipids
Molecules that provide energy and are important in cellular function.
Antioxidants
Substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Proteins
Molecules that serve as building blocks for muscles and tissues.
Carbohydrates
Molecules that provide energy, made up of sugar units.
Digestion
The process by which food is broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ad libitum
A feeding method that allows animals to eat freely.
Limit feeding
A feeding method that restricts the amount of food an animal can access.
Coprophagy
The re-ingestion of feces to extract additional nutrients.
Avidin
A protein found in egg whites that binds biotin and reduces its availability.
Achromatosis
A condition characterized by a lack of pigment in feathers or skin.
Linoleic acid
An essential fatty acid that requires enzymes to be modified into other fatty acids. (Cats)
BHT
A synthetic antioxidant used to protect essential fatty acids from oxidation.
Omega 3 fatty acids
Essential fatty acids that are crucial for health and must be ingested.
Free radicals
Atoms or molecules that can cause oxidative stress and cellular damage.
Thermal maximum
The highest temperature at which an ectothermic animal can function.
Thermal minimum
The lowest temperature at which an ectothermic animal can function.
Gastroenteritis
An inflammation of the stomach and intestines that can cause severe diarrhea.
Intestinal parasite
Organisms such as worms that live in the intestines and can cause disease.
Fermentation
The process of converting carbohydrates into alcohol or acids using microorganisms.
Crop
The sac before the stomach in birds, place of regurgitation
