APUSH Chapter 14

Marcus M Spiegel’s background pre civil war

After participating in the failed German revolution of 1848, he emigrated to Ohio in 1849

How did Marcus M Spiegel’s views on slavery change during the Civil War?

Initially opposed to Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. By 1864, he declared he would never support slavery again after witnessing its horrors

Why is the American Civil War considered the first modern war?

It was the first war where mass armies confronted each other using deadly weapons from the Industrial Revolution, leading to unprecedented casualties

Key factors for victory in the Civil War

Political leadership, economic resources, and societal resolve

Key advantages of the Union and the Confederacy in the Civil War

The Union had a larger population, superior manufacturing, railroads, and financial resources. The Confederacy had highly motivated soldiers, a defensive strategy, and the ability to sustain losses if the Union tired of war.

How did early perceptions of the war differ from the reality of combat?

Many recruits expected a short, glorious war. However, most had no military experience, faced harsh conditions, and saw limited combat

Technological advancements impact on the Civil War

Increased the wars scale and lethality, leading to trench warfare and higher casualties

Why was the Civil War so deadly?

The combination of advanced weaponry, poor medical care, disease, and brutal prison conditions

Propaganda’s influence on public opinion in the Civil War

The Union portrayed the Confederacy as treasonous and highlighted alleged crimes agiainst Union solders and civilians

How did photography change public perception of the Civil War?

Battlefield photos exposed Americans to the war’s brutality

Major logistical challenges both sides faced at the start of the Civil War

Lacked a national railroad gauge, an effective tax or banking system, and accurate maps of southern states

How did the Confederacy attempt to supply its army despite shortages?

Josiah Gorges imported weapons from abroad and established arsenals to produce rifles, artillery, and ammunition

Confederacy’s main military strategy in the Civil War

Adopted a defensive strategy with occasional offensives into the North, hoping to weaken Northern resolve and gain recognition of southern independence

How did Lincoln change the Union’s military strategy over time?

He realized capturing territory alone wouldn’t win the war, so he focused on defeating Southern armies and targeting slavery as the Confederacy’s economic foundation

Significance of the First Battle of Bull Run

It destroyed the belief that the war would be short and easy, as Union soldiers retreated in chaos and nearly 800 men died

What were George B McClellan’s strengths and weaknesses as a Union general?

Overly cautious in battle and hesitant to take aggressive action against Confederate forces

Significance of the Battle of Antietam

It was the bloodiest single day in US history. The Union repelled Lee’s invasion, but the victory did not lead to decisive action in the East

Robert E Lee’s goals for invading the North in 1862

He aimed to bring border states into the Confederacy, gain recognition from Britain and France, influence Northern elections, and possibly capture Washington DC

Ulysses S Grant’s key victories in the West in 1862

Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, securing the Union’s first major victories. Also led Union forces at the Battle of Shiloh, repelling a surprise Confederate attack

Significance of the capture of New Orleans (April 1862)

Admiral David G Farragut’s naval forces took control, giving the Union access to the wealthy sugar plantation regions and strengthening their hold on the Mississippi River

How did American emancipation compare to other global events?

Nearly 4M enslaved people were freed in the US, making it the largest and most economically impactful emancipation in history

Why was Lincoln hesitant to act against slavery?

He prioritized preserving the Union and feared losing the border states to the Confederacy

Crittenden Resolution

Proposed by Senator John J Crittenden in 1861, it affirmed that the Union would not interfere with slavery to preserve support from border states and conservative Notherners

How did the “Contraband of War'“ doctrine affect escaped slaves during the Civil War?

It treated escaped slaves as military property, leading to their confiscation and placement in “contraband camps” where they were educated and supported

Key arguments for emancipation during the Civil War

Emancipation was critical to weakening the South’s economy. Radical Republicans and Frederick Douglass argued that victory for the Union and freedowe for slaves were inseparable

What legislative actions were taken in 1862 regarding slavery?

Congress prohibited returning fugitive slaves, abolished slavery in the District of Columbia, and passed the Second Confiscation Act, freeing slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied areas

Main reasons Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

Lack of military success, the need for Union manpower, growing Northern support for emancipation, and countering British support for the Confederacy

Reaction to the Emancipation Proclamation in the North

Initial backlash in 1862 elections, with Democrats campaigning against it, claiming it would “Africanize” the North, and Republicans losing significant political ground

Scope of the Emancipation Proclamation and its immediate effects

It applied to Confederate territory in rebellion, freeing over 3M slaves, but exempted Union-controlled areas and border slave states. It relied on Union victories for enforcement

How did the Emancipation Proclamation impact Lincoln’s legacy and the long term effects on the South?

Became known as the “Great Emancipator”. Long term, it signaled the end of slavery, transforming Southern labor, politics, and race relations

What were some early concerns about enlisting black soldiers in the Union army?

There were fears that white soldiers might refuse to fight alongside black troops and that enlisting black soldiers could alienate the border slave states.

Impact of black military service on emancipation

Led to the liberation of their families. Congress expanded the Emancipation Proclamation to ensure that families of black soldiers were freed

What challenges did black soldiers face in the Union army during the Civil War?

Faced segregation, abusive officers, unequal pay, and limited promotion opportunities

How did military service impact black soldiers’ post war lives and legacy?

Empowered black soldiers, fostering a sense of freedom and leadership

The Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War

How did Lincoln’s vision of nation-building differ from European nation-building?

Unlike European nations built on shared ethnicity, culture, and language, lincoln’s vision centered on political democracy and human liberty

How did the war affect American religious beliefs and patriotism?

Sparked an upsurge in patriotism, and northern clergy justified the war as a divine plan to rid the US of slavery and fulfill its destiny as a land of freedom

How did religious beliefs help Americans cope with mass death during the war?

Christian beliefs in eternal life and the rise of spiritualism helped Americans cope with the high casualties, imagining celestial reunions with loved ones

How did Lincoln handle criticism of the war and dissent during the Civil War?

Equated criticism of the war or his policies with treason, leading to arbitrary arrests of opposition editors, politicians, and civilians. He suspended habeas corpus to detain those accused of disloyal activities

Judicial response to Lincoln’s wartime actions

Courts generally supported Lincolns actions except for Ex parte Milligan (1866)

How did Lincoln’s leadership impact Northern life during the Civil War?

Lincoln involved traditional values while overseeing significant changes

How did Northern agriculture develop during the Civil War?

It moved westward through machinery and immigrant labor

Key economic policies implemented by Congress during the Civil War to promote growth?

Congress passed policies like the Homestead Act to provide free land for settlers, the Morrill Land Grant College Act to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges, and funded the Transcontinental railroad

How did thecompletion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 impact the US?

It reduced cross-country travel time, expanded the national market, encouraged western settlement, ancontributed to thedecline of the Plains Indians’ way of line

How did the Civil War impact Native Americans in the West?

Lincoln withdrew federal troops, leaving Indian lands unprotected. Conflicts erupted leading to intensified warfare and forced relocations

Confederacy’s approach to Native American relations in the Civil War

Allowed self-government and representation in Congress, some owned slaves, but after the war, the US forced theme to cede land and accept slaves as citizens

How did the US finance the Civil War?

The government increased tariffs, imposed new taxes, borrowed over $2B through bonds, and printed over $400M in “greenbacks” as legal tender

How did the Civil War lead to banking reforms?

Congress created nationally chartered banks that had to purchase government bonds and could issue national banknotes. A heavy tax eliminated state bank-issued money, streamlining the money supply to greenbacks and national banknotes

How did the Civil War create new job opportunities for women?

Labor shortages allowed women to work in factories and male-dominated fields. The expanding federal government also provided clerical jobs, and women gained permanent roles in white-collar work,retail, and nursing

Women’s direct contributions to the war effort in the Civil War

Organized aid efforts, raised funds through sanitary fairs, and worked as nurses

What were the New York City Draft Riots triggered by?

The introduction of the Union draft in July 1863

How did the Union draft law contribute to social tensions in the North?

It allowed wealthier individuals to buy their way out of the draft, causing resentment among the working class

Jefferson Davis’s political weaknesses in the Civil War

The Confederacy lacked a party system, and Davis had no counterpart to Lincoln’s well organized Republican Party

Why did King Cotton Diplomacy fail?

It was ineffective due to large cotton stockpiles in Britain, Britain’s reliance on Northern wheat, and their decision not to intervene

What was a major grievance that led to internal unrest in the Confederacy in the Civil War?

The draft system and class-based inequality

How did the Confederate draft system favor the wealthy?

It allowed individuals to hire substitutes to avoid service and had a “twenty-negro” provision that exempted wealthy planters’ sons and overseers from military duty

What caused extreme inflation in the Confederacy in the Civil War?

The Confederacy relied on borrowing and excessive printing of paper money ($1.5B), leading to inflation and the near worthlessness of Confederate currency

Why did many poor southerners desert the Confederate army in the Civil War?

They prioritized supporting their starving families over fighting for slavery

How were Union supporters treated in the Confederacy in the Civil War?

They were harshly repressed, with military tribunals imprisoning hundreds, many being violently expelled from their homes or executed

Women’s contributions to espionage in the Civil War

Rose Greenhow led a Confederate spy ring passing intelligence on Union troop movements and continuing her work even after her arrest

The political role of non-slaveholding women in the Confederacy

Petitioned Confederate authorities for aid and pushed state governments to provide supplies to soldiers’ families

How did the decision to arm slaves challenge proslavery ideology?

It undermined the theory of slavery, as Howell Cobb argued that if slaves could be soldiers, it would challenge the entire justification for slavery

What strategic mistake did General Robert E Lee make during the Gettysburg Campaign

Pickett’s Charge, where Confederate General George E Pickett led 14k troops across open ground, suffering devastating losses

Significance of the Union victory at Vicksburg

Gave them control of the Mississippi Valley and was a crucial blow to Confederate morale

Key issues debated in the southern regions in the transition from slavery to freedom

Access to land, control of labor, and the structure of political power

What role did federal authorities play as Union control expanded in the Civil War

Oversaw the transition from slavery to freedom in newly controlled Confederate territories

Role of Northern teachers in the Sea Islands Experiment

They dedicated themselves to educating freed blacks, with Laura M Towne co-founding the Penn School

What central question did the Sea Islands Experiment raise regarding black freedom?

Whether land ownershipshould accompany black freedom

Key changes introduced with the labor contracts signed by emancipated slaves

Paid wages, education, prohibition of physical punishment, and guaranteed family safety from sale

Significance of Davis Ben, Mississippi

It was a “Negro Paradise” where freed slaves were given land instead of working for white overseers, and a government system was set up where they elected their own judges and sheriffs

Key provisions of Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan

Amnesty and full restoration of rights (except for slaves) to most white southerners who swore loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation, with a new state government elected once 10% of 1860 voters took the oath, requiring the abolition of slavery

Provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill

Required a majority of white male southerners to pledge loyalty to the Union before Reconstruction could begin and guaranteed blacks equality before the law. Passed Congress but was vetoed by Lincoln

Goal of Sherman’s March to the Sea in 1864

Break the rebels spirit by destroying railroads, buildings, and food supplies, while intimidating the Confederacy

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery throughout the Union and introduced the word “slavery” into the US Constitution for the 1st time

How was Ulysses S Grant received during his world tour in 1877?

Warmly received wherever they went, celebrated as a military genius

How did the outcome of the Civil War impact global views of America?

Reinforced America’s image as a beacon of democracy and freedom

Key transformations brought by the Civil War in America

Solidified the Union, ended slavery, shifted power from the South to the North, expanded federal government power, and accelerated the Northern economy’s industrial growth, while raising the challenge of defining and protecting African-American freedom