CMN 003V

What needs does communication meet?

relational, identity , informational, and instrumental needs

relational needs

needs to form and maintain personal and professional relationships

identity needs

shaping the way we portray ourselves

informational needs

asking questions, gathering info, and sharing knowledge

instrumental needs

practical everyday needs (making travel arrangements etc.)

explicit rules

rules someone clearly emplaced (ex. no hate speech at work)

implicit rules

rules people follow but no one expresses (ex. don’t make eye contact in the elevator)

verbal communication

using words to communicate, words are the building blocks of language, anytime we use words, such as text, writing, sign language

nonverbal communication

behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without using words such as actions (ex. frowning, waving goodbye)

context dimension

literal information being communicated by message (ex. “I’m worried about next years quarter sales projections” and the literal message being your fear of the sales projections)

relational dimension

many messages also carry signals (ex. in the statement “I’m worried about next years quarter sales projections” the relational dimension could be, “I feel comfortable enough to share my feelings about the sales projections”)

meta-communication

communication about communication (ex. “don’t take this the wrong way" or “let me tell you what i think”)

A word is a symbol or a representation of an idea but the word itself isn’t the idea or the meaning.

For example the word mouse in the 1940s associated with a rodent versus today probably associated with the computer

The communication process begins with a message you act as a sender to express your message you must encode it when you ask someone they will act as a…

receiver and they will decode your message

To convey your message you must select a communication…

channel a type of pathway (ex. face to face, email, text message)

If you ask for time off to your boss your answer might be affected by context

physical and psychological environment your message is communicated in (ex. physical: not enough workers, psychological: you worked overtime last week)

noise

anything that interferes with receivers ability to understand a message

feedback

receivers verbal and nonverbal reactions to a message

the communication process is…

dynamic constantly changing and evolving as people send and receive and interpret messages (ex. even as you speak you are receiving messages from listeners)

formal professional networks

professional relationships (ex. company department, work team) have clear lines and authority and reporting structures, sets of responsibilities

communication in formal professional networks can be characterized as what three movements…

downward, upward, or lateral/horizontal

downward communication

superiors to subordinates

upward communication

subcordinates to superiors

lateral or horizontal communication

peers to colleagues (equal level positions)

formal communication

presentations, emails, resumes

formality

protocols, rules, structures, and politeness

informal professional networks

voluntary professional networks (ex. friendships with co-workers) that rely on informal communication less bound my protocols, rules, structures etc

post trust era

people view businesses as against the public interest

active listening

persons willingness and ability to hear and understand

credible communications maintain what two things?

integrity and accountability

communication competence

ability to communicate in ways effective and appropriate in a given situation

6 characteristics of competent communicators

1. self-awareness

2. adaptability

3. cognitive complexity

4. empathy

5. emotional intelligence

6. ethics

cognitive complexity

ability to consider a variety of explanations to avoid jumping to conclusions

self monitoring

tapping into your awareness about your own behavior

culture

totality of shared, learned, symbols, languages, values, norms that distinguish a group of people from one another

societies

groups of people who share same culture

co-cultures

groups of people who share values, customs, and norms, related to mutual interest besides their national citizenship

cultural centrism

the belief that your own culture is superior and the correct lens from which you judge other cultures

Projected cognitive similarity

the tendency to assume others share your cultural norms and values. This occurs when we project own cultural norms and values to explain the behaviors we see in others. (ex. Take the case of an American interviewing a Japanese man for a new position. The Japanese man might downplay his own achievements and give credit to the teams he has worked with, honoring Japanese norms of modesty and collectivism. )

Outgroup homogeneity effect

the tendency to think members of other groups are all the same.

high-context culture

Maintaining harmony and avoiding offense are more important than expressing your true feelings. (ex. South Korea and the cultures of Native Americans and the Maori of New Zealand—are taught to speak in a much less direct way.)

low-context culture

people are expected to be direct, to say what they mean, and to use language that is specific and concrete. They value expressing themselves, sharing opinions, and trying to persuade others to see things their way. (ex. United States)

high-contact culture

usually stand or sit fairly close to one another and touch one another frequently.

low-contact culture

maintain greater amounts of personal space and touch one another less frequently. (ex. Some Asian and Scandinavian cultures are examples of low-contact cultures.)

Power is distributed less evenly in a…(what culture)

high-power-distance culture

The belief that all individuals are equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power is characteristic of a…(what culture?)

low-power-distance culture

monochronic

concept of time, which means they view time as a commodity. People in these cultures save, spend, fill, invest, and waste time as though it were tangible. They treat time as valuable, believe “time is money,” and talk about making time and losing time.

polychronic

conceive of time as holistic and fluid rather than rigidly structured, perceive time as a never-ending river, flowing infinitely into the future. In societies with a polychronic time orientation, schedules are fluid and flexible.

uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable

collectivistic culture

their families, communities, and employees are in the picture vs a individualistic culture where primary responsibility to to themselves

denotive meaning

literal meaning of a word from dictionary

syntactic rules

govern the order of words within phrases “what is you name” or in sign language “your name what”

pragmatic rules

help us interpret statements (ex. happy tone vs sarcastic tone)

connotative meaning

the ideas or concepts the word suggests in addition to the literal definition

ambiguous language

making a statement we can interpret to have more than one meaning

cultural centrism

the belief your own culture is superior

proxemics

tell us that we each have a preferred amount of personal space we prefer

halo effect

when people look nice we assume they are good, more friendlier, competent, and socially skilled

chronemics

the way we use time(the way we give or refuse to give time can send a message to others how we feel about them and their power)(showing up early to an interview vs the interviewer being late is different as we perceive their time as more precious)

perception

the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us

selection

the process which your mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to

What are the 4 types of schema to classify information we notice about other people

1. physical constructs - people’s appearance such as height, age, ethnicity, body shape, and subjective characteristics (attractiveness)

2. role constructs people’s social or professional positions

3. interaction constructs people’s behavior such as outgoing, aggressive, shy

4. phycological constructs- emphasize peoples thoughts and feelings such as anger, insecurity, lightheartedness

primary effect

first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions

recency effect

the most recent impression we have of a persons communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions

perceptual set

a preposition to perceive only what we want to perceive

attribution

an explanation for an observed behavior

fundamental attribution error

which we attribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than an external cause

face

our desired public image

fellowship face

the need to have others like and accept us

autonomy face

our need to avoid being imposed on

competence face

our need to be accepted and have others acknowledge our abilities

self concept also called your…

identity is composed of own stable perceptions of who you are