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What needs does communication meet?
relational, identity , informational, and instrumental needs
relational needs
needs to form and maintain personal and professional relationships
identity needs
shaping the way we portray ourselves
informational needs
asking questions, gathering info, and sharing knowledge
instrumental needs
practical everyday needs (making travel arrangements etc.)
explicit rules
rules someone clearly emplaced (ex. no hate speech at work)
implicit rules
rules people follow but no one expresses (ex. don’t make eye contact in the elevator)
verbal communication
using words to communicate, words are the building blocks of language, anytime we use words, such as text, writing, sign language
nonverbal communication
behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning without using words such as actions (ex. frowning, waving goodbye)
context dimension
literal information being communicated by message (ex. “I’m worried about next years quarter sales projections” and the literal message being your fear of the sales projections)
relational dimension
many messages also carry signals (ex. in the statement “I’m worried about next years quarter sales projections” the relational dimension could be, “I feel comfortable enough to share my feelings about the sales projections”)
meta-communication
communication about communication (ex. “don’t take this the wrong way" or “let me tell you what i think”)
A word is a symbol or a representation of an idea but the word itself isn’t the idea or the meaning.
For example the word mouse in the 1940s associated with a rodent versus today probably associated with the computer
The communication process begins with a message you act as a sender to express your message you must encode it when you ask someone they will act as a…
receiver and they will decode your message
To convey your message you must select a communication…
channel a type of pathway (ex. face to face, email, text message)
If you ask for time off to your boss your answer might be affected by context
physical and psychological environment your message is communicated in (ex. physical: not enough workers, psychological: you worked overtime last week)
noise
anything that interferes with receivers ability to understand a message
feedback
receivers verbal and nonverbal reactions to a message
the communication process is…
dynamic constantly changing and evolving as people send and receive and interpret messages (ex. even as you speak you are receiving messages from listeners)
formal professional networks
professional relationships (ex. company department, work team) have clear lines and authority and reporting structures, sets of responsibilities
communication in formal professional networks can be characterized as what three movements…
downward, upward, or lateral/horizontal
downward communication
superiors to subordinates
upward communication
subcordinates to superiors
lateral or horizontal communication
peers to colleagues (equal level positions)
formal communication
presentations, emails, resumes
formality
protocols, rules, structures, and politeness
informal professional networks
voluntary professional networks (ex. friendships with co-workers) that rely on informal communication less bound my protocols, rules, structures etc
post trust era
people view businesses as against the public interest
active listening
persons willingness and ability to hear and understand
credible communications maintain what two things?
integrity and accountability
communication competence
ability to communicate in ways effective and appropriate in a given situation
6 characteristics of competent communicators
self-awareness
adaptability
cognitive complexity
empathy
emotional intelligence
ethics
cognitive complexity
ability to consider a variety of explanations to avoid jumping to conclusions
self monitoring
tapping into your awareness about your own behavior
culture
totality of shared, learned, symbols, languages, values, norms that distinguish a group of people from one another
societies
groups of people who share same culture
co-cultures
groups of people who share values, customs, and norms, related to mutual interest besides their national citizenship
cultural centrism
the belief that your own culture is superior and the correct lens from which you judge other cultures
Projected cognitive similarity
the tendency to assume others share your cultural norms and values. This occurs when we project own cultural norms and values to explain the behaviors we see in others. (ex. Take the case of an American interviewing a Japanese man for a new position. The Japanese man might downplay his own achievements and give credit to the teams he has worked with, honoring Japanese norms of modesty and collectivism. )
Outgroup homogeneity effect
the tendency to think members of other groups are all the same.
high-context culture
Maintaining harmony and avoiding offense are more important than expressing your true feelings. (ex. South Korea and the cultures of Native Americans and the Maori of New Zealand—are taught to speak in a much less direct way.)
low-context culture
people are expected to be direct, to say what they mean, and to use language that is specific and concrete. They value expressing themselves, sharing opinions, and trying to persuade others to see things their way. (ex. United States)
high-contact culture
usually stand or sit fairly close to one another and touch one another frequently.
low-contact culture
maintain greater amounts of personal space and touch one another less frequently. (ex. Some Asian and Scandinavian cultures are examples of low-contact cultures.)
Power is distributed less evenly in a…(what culture)
high-power-distance culture
The belief that all individuals are equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power is characteristic of a…(what culture?)
low-power-distance culture
monochronic
concept of time, which means they view time as a commodity. People in these cultures save, spend, fill, invest, and waste time as though it were tangible. They treat time as valuable, believe “time is money,” and talk about making time and losing time.
polychronic
conceive of time as holistic and fluid rather than rigidly structured, perceive time as a never-ending river, flowing infinitely into the future. In societies with a polychronic time orientation, schedules are fluid and flexible.
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable
collectivistic culture
their families, communities, and employees are in the picture vs a individualistic culture where primary responsibility to to themselves
denotive meaning
literal meaning of a word from dictionary
syntactic rules
govern the order of words within phrases “what is you name” or in sign language “your name what”
pragmatic rules
help us interpret statements (ex. happy tone vs sarcastic tone)
connotative meaning
the ideas or concepts the word suggests in addition to the literal definition
ambiguous language
making a statement we can interpret to have more than one meaning
cultural centrism
the belief your own culture is superior
proxemics
tell us that we each have a preferred amount of personal space we prefer
halo effect
when people look nice we assume they are good, more friendlier, competent, and socially skilled
chronemics
the way we use time(the way we give or refuse to give time can send a message to others how we feel about them and their power)(showing up early to an interview vs the interviewer being late is different as we perceive their time as more precious)
perception
the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us
selection
the process which your mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to
What are the 4 types of schema to classify information we notice about other people
physical constructs - people’s appearance such as height, age, ethnicity, body shape, and subjective characteristics (attractiveness)
role constructs people’s social or professional positions
interaction constructs people’s behavior such as outgoing, aggressive, shy
phycological constructs- emphasize peoples thoughts and feelings such as anger, insecurity, lightheartedness
primary effect
first impressions are critical because they set the tone for all future interactions
recency effect
the most recent impression we have of a persons communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions
perceptual set
a preposition to perceive only what we want to perceive
attribution
an explanation for an observed behavior
fundamental attribution error
which we attribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than an external cause
face
our desired public image
fellowship face
the need to have others like and accept us
autonomy face
our need to avoid being imposed on
competence face
our need to be accepted and have others acknowledge our abilities
self concept also called your…
identity is composed of own stable perceptions of who you are
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Flashcard (41)