APUSH Midterm 1

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Primary motive for Spanish exploration

Seeking gold and wealth

First European country to establish a permanent settlement in North America

Spain

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds

Treaty of Tordesillas significance

It divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Colony founded as a haven for Catholics in 1634

Maryland

Author of 'Common Sense'

Thomas Paine

Navigation Acts

To regulate colonial trade and enable England to collect taxes.

Main consequence of the Proclamation of 1763

It restricted colonial expansion westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

Sons of Liberty

A group formed to oppose British policies and taxes.

Significance of the Boston Tea Party

It protested British taxation without representation.

Turning point of the American Revolution

The Battle of Saratoga

Primary reason for the establishment of the Virginia colony

Economic opportunities, particularly tobacco cultivation.

First governor of the Plymouth Colony

William Bradford

Group that founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Puritans

Main cash crop of the Southern colonies

Tobacco

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

Primary purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754

To promote colonial unity and address defense against the French.

Significance of the Stamp Act of 1765

It was the first direct tax imposed on the colonists by Britain.

Intolerable Acts

They punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

Role of the Committees of Correspondence

To facilitate communication among the colonies regarding British policies.

Main author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Battle marking the official start of the American Revolutionary War

The Battles of Lexington and Concord

Olive Branch Petition significance

The colonists' desire for peace and reconciliation with Britain.

Impact of the Battle of Bunker Hill

It demonstrated that colonial forces could stand up to the British army.

Purpose of the Federalist Papers

To promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

First President of the United States

George Washington

Main issue debated during the Constitutional Convention

How to balance the power between large and small states.

Three-Fifths Compromise

How slaves would be counted for representation and taxation.

Father of the Constitution

James Madison

Amendment abolishing slavery in the United States

The 13th Amendment

Northwest Ordinance(1787)

It established a method for admitting new states to the Union.

Whiskey Rebellion demonstration

The federal government's ability to enforce its laws.

Primary cause of the War of 1812

Impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions.

President during the War of 1812

James Madison

Monroe Doctrine declaration

That European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas.

What was the primary goal of the Populist Party?

To advocate for the interests of farmers and laborers.

What was the primary reason for the establishment of the New England colonies?

Religious freedom and economic opportunity.

What was the impact of the Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588?

It marked the rise of England as a naval power.

What did the headright system provide?

Land grants to settlers in Virginia.

Who founded the Rhode Island Colony?

Roger Williams

What was the primary purpose of the Mayflower Compact?

To establish a government based on the consent of the governed.

What was the significance of King Philip's War?

It was one of the deadliest conflicts between Native Americans and colonists.

What was the primary economic activity in the Middle Colonies?

Farming and trade.

What was the primary reason for the establishment of the Georgia colony?

To serve as a buffer against Spanish Florida and to provide a place for debtors.

What was the first successful English colony in America?

Jamestown

What was the significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses?

It was the first elected legislative assembly in the New World.

What was the impact of the Boston Massacre?

It fueled anti-British sentiment and propaganda.

What was the main purpose of the Continental Congress?

To coordinate colonial resistance against British policies.

What was the main consequence of the Sugar Act of 1764?

It aimed to raise revenue through duties on sugar and molasses.

What was the significance of the Quebec Act?

It extended Quebec's boundaries and granted religious freedom to Catholics, angering Protestants in the colonies.

Loyalists?

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution.

What was the main impact of the Boston Port Act?

It closed Boston Harbor until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid.

What was the main economic activity in the Southern colonies?

Agriculture, particularly the cultivation of cash crops.

King Phillips War(1657-76)

violent conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom

Anglo-Powhatan Wars(1610-40s)

series of conflicts between English colonists in Virginia and the Powhatan Confederacy, resulting in significant loss of life, the decline of Native American power, and the expansion of English settlements in the region

Bacon’s Rebellion(1676)

revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia's governor, driven by frustration over land, taxes, and Native American conflicts

Mercantilism

economic system from the 16th to 18th centuries that encouraged more exports than imports

What were religious developments in colonial identity?

Religious freedom/tolerance, diversity, separation of church and state

What were political developments in colonial identity?

Self-governance, resistance to British authority, and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty

Dominion of New England(1686)

17th-century union of several New England colonies under Governor Sir Edmund Andros, aimed at increasing British control and reducing colonial independence

Navigation Acts(1651,1660)

series of laws that required colonies to trade exclusively with England and use English ships

Whiskey’s Rebellion(1791-94)

uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania protesting a federal tax on whiskey, which they viewed as unfair; the rebellion was suppressed by the government, strengthening federal authority

Jay’s Treaty(1794)

agreement between the United States and Britain aimed at resolving issues from the Revolutionary War such as withdrawal of British troops from these forts and improved trade relations

Pinckney’s Treaty(1795)

between the United States and Spain, established friendly relations, granted the U.S. access to the Mississippi River for trade, and defined the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida

XYZ Affair

French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats seeking to negotiate with France

Who are England’s colonial rivals?

French, Dutch, Spanish

Queen Anne’s War(1702-13)

conflict between France and Britain in North America, with battles over land control; it ended with British victories and expanded British territory in the Caribbean and Canada

King George’s War(1744-48)

fight between Britain and France in North America during the War of the Austrian Succession; it involved battles for land, leading to some British gains but ending without a clear winner

salutary neglect

British policy in the 17th and 18th centuries that ignored strict enforcement of trade laws in the American colonies, giving them more freedom to grow and develop until Britain decided to tighten control later

French and Indian War(1754-63)

conflict between Britain and France in North America, with Native American allies on both sides,resulted in British victory, significant territorial gains for Britain, and increased tensions with the American colonies due to war debts and new taxes

Albany Plan(1754)

aimed to unite the Thirteen Colonies for defense and manage relations with Native Americans; it wasn’t adopted but showed the possibility of cooperation among the colonies

Treaty of Paris(1763)

ended the French and Indian War, forcing France to give up most of its North American territories to Britain, which expanded British land and influence in the region

Pontiac’s Rebellion(1763)

conflict where Chief Pontiac and Native American tribes fought against British settlers in the Great Lakes region because they were unhappy with British land policies, showing the rising tensions between them

Proclamation Act of 1763

law from Britain that stopped colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent conflicts with Native Americans

Intolerable Acts(1774)

were laws passed by Britain to punish the American colonies, especially Massachusetts, for the Boston Tea Party; they restricted colonial self-government and increased British control

1st Continental Congress(1774)

meeting of delegates from 12 of the 13 American colonies in response to the Coercive Acts, where they discussed their grievances against Britain and coordinated a united resistance

2nd Continental Congress(1775)

meeting of colonial delegates that followed the start of the Revolutionary War, where they organized the war effort, named George Washington as leader of the Continental Army, and declared independence from Britain in 1776

Declaration of Independenc(July 4, 1776)

document declaring the American colonies' independence from Britain, outlining their grievances against the king and affirming the principles of individual rights and self-governance

Bunker Hill(June 1775)

early conflict in the American Revolutionary War, where colonial forces fought against British troops near Boston; despite losing the hill, the colonists inflicted heavy casualties on the British, boosting their morale.

Battle of Saratoga(October 1777)

crucial turning point in the American Revolutionary War, where American forces defeated British troops, leading to France officially supporting the American cause with military aid

Battle of Yorktown(1781)

final major battle of the American Revolutionary War, where American and French forces surrounded British General Cornwallis's army, leading to his surrender and effectively ending the war

what were social impacts on the american revolution?

increased participation in civic life, the beginnings of movements for women’s rights and the abolition of slavery

what were political impacts on the american revolution?

the adoption of democratic principles such as popular sovereignty and individual rights, the creation of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, and the influence of revolutionary ideas on other countries

separation of powers

power was spilt between 3 branches of government

legislative branch

responsible for making laws and is composed of Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate

executive branch

enforces laws and is led by the President, who also serves as the Commander-in-Chief and head of state

judicial branch

interprets laws and includes the Supreme Court and other federal courts, ensuring laws comply with the Constitution

articles of confederation

first plan for governing the United States, ratified in 1781, creating a weak central government that couldn't tax or control trade, leading to its replacement by the U.S. Constitution in 1789

Virgina Plan

proposed a strong national government with a bicameral legislature based on population, favoring larger states

New Jersey Plan

proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, aimed at protecting the interests of smaller states

Great Compromise

created a bicameral legislature combining elements of the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan, establishing the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate with equal representation for each state, balancing the interests of both large and small states

Federalists

supporters of constitution and a strong central government

Anti-federalists

critics of the constitution and favored weak central government

Bill of Rights(1791)

first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, religion, and the right to bear arms, as well as protections against unreasonable searches and seizures and the right to a fair trial

Embargo Act(1807)

law passed by Congress that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign countries

Hatford Convention(1814-15)

gathering of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812, discussing grievances and proposing constitutional amendments

Rush-Bagot Treaty(1817)

between the United States and Britain, limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes and established a demilitarized boundary between the U.S. and Canada

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

aimed to stabilize the U.S. economy by establishing a national bank, assuming state debts, and implementing tariffs and taxes to generate revenue

President Madison’s War Message to Congress(1812)

listed complaints against Britain, such as blocking American trade, forcing American sailors into the British Navy, and violating U.S. rights

George Washington’s Farewell Address

advised the nation to avoid political parties and foreign alliances, emphasizing the importance of national unity and cautioning against divisive factions that could threaten the country's stability