MARB 215 TAMUG Final Exam Review

All ecdysozoans are eucoelomates T/F

false

All arthropods exhibit some amount of tagmatization T/F

true

All malacostracans lack abdominal appendages T/F

false

Adult nematomorphs are aquatic T/F

true

The priapulids exhibit metamerism T/F

false

The Phylum Arthropoda exhibits more diversity and a greater number of species than any other animal phylum. T/F

true

All ecdysozoans molt their cuticles to grow T/F

true

The maxillary glands in crustaceans are used for respiration T/F

false

There are more nematodes on earth than any other type of metazoan T/F

true

Members of the Phylum Onychophora are strictly marine T/F

false

Which animals are the only animals that have adapted to living without oxygen?

Phylum Loricifera

Which animals can enter a state of cryptobiosis to withstand exceptionally harsh environmental conditions?

Phylum Tardigrada

Which of the following are nematodes? Choose all that apply.

hookworms, pinworms, heartworms

An animal that feeds on any organic particles it finds (from any organism) is a...

detritovore

An animal that feeds on the soft tissues of dead/decaying animals is a...

scavenger

The nematomorph larval stage uses a/an _________ has its host.

arthropod

Segmentation and tagmatization are the same thing. T/F

False

Which of the following animals uses scalids to assist in locomotion?

Kinorhynchs

What body system is found in both the Phylum Onychophora and the arthropod Class Hexapoda (the insects)?

a tracheal system allowing respiration through spiracles on the body's exterior

Ancestors of the arthropods underwent "arthropodization". Which of the following are examples of this modification? Choose all that apply.

Motile cilia were lost.

Segmentation with flexible joints allowed for greater locomotion.

The coelom regressed to a hemocoel.

The arthropods are _____, _____, _____ animals.

segmented, coelomate, protostome

Which of the following are reasons that the arthropods are the most diverse and abundant animal phylum? Choose all that apply.

They have highly developed sensory systems and complex behaviors.

Distinct larval and adult stages that are generally separated not only spatially (by where they live) but also by trophic needs (on what they feed).

They are segmented with flexible joints and highly specialize appendages.

Their highly protective exoskeleton allows for protection and secure muscle attachment.

For what do the Merostomata use their telson?

stabilization on the sediment (and to flip over if upside-down)

What do male Pycnogonids use to hold onto their mate, and then hold onto fertilized eggs?

ovigers

No respriatory or excretory system; diffuse gases and waste through body surface (usually surface of legs)

Class Pycnogonida

Dorso-ventrally flattened; important benthic nutrient cyclers

Order Isopoda

No abdominal appendages, but contain phyllopodia on thorax for respiration

Class Branchiopoda

Single median eye

Subclass Copepoda

Appendages on abdomen fused to create opercula for book gills.

Class Merostomata

Possess a carapace and 5 pairs of walking legs

Order Decapoda

Live life upside-down, extending cirri for feeding

Order Thoracica

Laterally flattened; coxae protect gills

Order Amphipoda

What does the hormone ecdysone control in crustaceans?

the schedule of molting

Which arthropod is considered the most populous member of zooplankton?

Subclass Copepoda

Which of the following has only about 90 species, but is of utmost importance in the marine food web as a major food source for baleen whales and other animals?

Order Euphausiaceae

All echinoderms have tube feet. T/F

true

Members of the Class Echinoidea lack arms T/F

true

All echinoderms have a complete gut (mouth to anus) T/F

false

The notochord of chordates is filled with fluid and provides support via muscles attached to it T/F

true

Garstang's Theory of Neoteny is the current accepted theory of chordate evolution T/F

false

All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates T/F

true

Members of Class Asteroidea feed using a structure called Aristotle's Lantern. T/F

false

The Enteropneusts and Pterobranchia are "half" chordates. T/F

true

All echinoderms are marine animals T/F

true

Holothuroideans often have other animals that take refuge in their anus. T/F

true

Where are Chaetognaths found?

Floating among marine plankton.

Why is there some confusion as to whether arrow worms are protostomes or deuterostomes? Choose all that apply.

They have molecular similarities to protostomes.

Their anus forms before their mouth and their coelom develops via enterocoely.

Which of the following are traits typical of Deuterostomes (although there might be some exceptions)? Choose all that apply.

cell differentiation influenced more by cellular induction than cytoplasmic specification

coelom is formed through enterocoely

What allows the Echinoderms to have amazing powers of regeneration?

pleuripotent stem cells

What is morphallaxis?

regeneration of body parts by transforming existing body tissues

All echinoderms use sea water in their water vascular system T/F

False

All of the echinoderms have _____, symmetry as adults except perhaps the _____. They seem to have somewhat bilateral symmetry due to having ___, ambulacral rows on the ventral surface and ___, on the dorsal surface.

pentaradial, Class Holothuroidea, 3, 2

Put the parts of the echinoderm water vascular system in order.

madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, ampullae, tube feet

Where are the tube feet in the Class Crinoidea?

in the food grooves of the arms

The Classes Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea all exhibit a protective endoskeleton. T/F (Yes, it is an ENDOskeleton because there is a tissue layer that overlays the spines, spicules, and ossicle.)

true

Which of the following are reasons the brittle stars are very ecologically important? Choose all that apply.

They can keep corals from being smothered by sediment or other harmful particles.

They are voracious predators and can greatly influence the distribution of other benthic species.

They can reshape the sediment of the seafloor due to their extreme numbers and how they move using their arms (as opposed to tube feet).

What makes the Phylum Hemichordata "half chordates"?

They have pharyngeal gill slits and a buccal diverticulum that resembles a proto-notochord.

Which of the following are traits of a chordate nerve cord (as opposed to one in an invertebrate)? Choose all that apply.

it is hollow

it lies dorsal to the digestive tract

The "newest" chordate synapomorphy determined is the endostyle/thyroid gland. How are these two items similar?

they both produce proteins that are bound with iodine

segmentation of 3 different phyla indicates a common ancestor

Chordates arose from annelids and arthropods

the elongation of the echinoderm larvae (and formation of structures from cilia no longer needed) produced the chordate larva

Garstang's theory

there was probably a common ancestor that gave rise to the echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates

Jollie's theory

What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord become in the vertebrates?

the brain and spinal cord

What does the notochord become in the vertebrates?

the backbone/vertebrae

Which of the 5 chordate synapomorphies do the Cephalochordates retain as adults? Choose all that apply.

notochord, post-anal tail with musculature, endostyle, pharyngeal slits, dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Which of the 5 chordate synapomorphies do the Urochordates retain as adults? Choose all that apply.

pharyngeal slits, endostyle

All cnidarians have both a polyp (asexual) and medusa (sexual) body form in their life cycle. T/F

false

Cnidarians are found only in marine waters. T/F

false

Why are Ctenophores found pretty much everywhere in the oceans? Choose all that apply.

They use multiply modes of reproduction.

They reproduce early in their life cycle.

What is the largest animal to use cilia for moving?

comb jelly

What one organ do both the Xenoturbellids and Acoelomorphs have in common?

an organ to detect gravity (up from down)

Sponges are the sister group to all animals. T/F

true

Water flows through sponges due to the ___________ cells.

choanocyte

Which of the following sponge cells is nearly identical in form and function as the protist most closely related to humans?

choanocyte

Which of the following types of feeding do sponges perform?

autotrophic feeding through symbiotic relationships with phytoplankton and algae

carnivorous feeding on small animals

suspension feeding of plankton & algae

Placozoans are the only animals that are

asymmetrical diploblasts

Arthropodization

stiffening of cuticle to form jointed exoskeleton

hemocoel

The primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid

tagmatization

specialization of a body region in a mature segmented animal

Sclerotization

hardening of exoskeleton

Why is Phylum Arthropoda so successful?

Highly developed sensory organs

Complex behavioral patterns

Metamorphosis allows for diverse resource use

Subphylum Chelicerata Characteristics

no antennae

specialized feeding appendages

Class Merostomata "meros" = thigh, "stomata" = mouth (horseshoe crabs)

Dioecious; oviparous

with external ferilization

Marine/estuarine waters

Swim using abdominal opercula

Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Lack respiratory/excretory system

High SA:V

Found in all marine waters; most prevalent & largestin polar waters

Subphylum Crustacea

Large group, primarily aquatic

Many with carapace, some with rostrum

Appendages ancestrally biramous

Open circulatory system with hemocoel

carapace

hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles

rostrum

forward extension of the carapace in front of the eyes

biramous

branched appendages

antennal/maxillary/green gland

Excretory system in crustaceans. They are called antennal glands or maxillary glands, depending on whether they are adjacent to the excretory pore is green, the gland is called a green gland.

How does Subphylum Crustacea control when they molt?

molting is controlled by horomones

Ecdysone

Ecdysone is a hormone that is promotes molting

Class Branchiopoda

Fairy shrimp, brine shrimp, tadpole shrimp, waterfleas

Mostly freshwater; some marine

Flattened, leaf-like phyllopodia on thorax

Leg appendages used for respiration, suspensionfeeding, and locomotion

Class Hexanauplia, Subclass Copepoda

Found in all aquatic & semi-terrestrial habitats

Long antennule used for swimming

No abdominal appendages

Dioecious or sequentially monoecious; sexualreproduction; some parthenogenic

Females carry egg sacs on 6th thoracic segment

Subphylum Crustacea - Class Maxillopoda,Order Thoracica

Sessile attached to "substrate"

Vestigial abdomen (no appendages)

Well-developed carapace of calcareous platesprovides protection

Live life upside-down, extending cirri for feeding

Almost marine

Mostly monoecious; sexual reproduction withinternal fertilization or "spermcasting"

Subphylum Crustacea - Class Malacostraca

Largest crustacean class: >29,000 spp worldwide

All members with both thoracic and abdominal appendages

Major Groups: Order Isopoda, Order Amphipoda, Order Euphausiacea, Order Decapoda

Order Isopoda (Class Malacostraca) iso = 'the same'; pod = 'foot'

Dorso-ventrally flattened

Lack a carapace and hard protection for gills

aquatic and terrestrial

Benthic grazers/detritivores/parasites

important ecologically

Nutrient cycling

Enhance microbial activity

Order Amphipoda (Class Malacostraca) amphi = 'of both kinds'; pod = 'foot'

Laterally flattened

Lack a carapace

Have coaxe to protect gills

Found in all waters (abundant in benthic habitats)

Grazers/predators/detritivores/scavengers

Why is Order Amphipoda important ecologically and in the food web?

Food for many aquatic juveniles and adults

Important scavengers of carrion → nutrient cycling

Order Euphausiacea (Class Malacostraca)

marine only

No maxillipeds - uncommon in crustaceans

Carapace partially protects gills

Most bioluminescent via photophore

Dioecious with sexual reproduction;"internal" fertilization; oviparous

Order Decapoda (Class Malacostraca)

crabs, lobsters, shrimp

Predators/scavengers/herbivores

Dioecious with sexual reproduction; mostly external fertilization