apes midterm unit 1 to 5

Explanation for why it says mommy at the end: My friend made gpt saymommy after every sentance, i dont know how to stop it . Im sorry

Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment including living and nonliving components Mommy.

Life Sustaining Factors

Solar energy nutrient cycling and biodiversity sustain all life on Earth Mommy.

Biome

A large ecological region defined by climate vegetation and dominant organisms Mommy.

Major Terrestrial Biomes

Tundra taiga temperate forests grasslands deserts chaparral savannas and tropical rainforests Mommy.

Human Threats to Terrestrial Biomes

Deforestation climate change habitat fragmentation pollution invasive species and urban development Mommy.

Aquatic Ecosystems

Freshwater and marine ecosystems classified by salinity Mommy.

Ocean Zones

Intertidal neritic oceanic pelagic benthic and abyssal zones based on depth and distance from shore Mommy.

Lake Zones

Littoral limnetic profundal and benthic zones based on light penetration Mommy.

Oligotrophic Lake

Nutrient poor clear lake with high dissolved oxygen Mommy.

Mesotrophic Lake

Lake with moderate nutrient levels Mommy.

Eutrophic Lake

Nutrient rich lake with algae blooms and low oxygen Mommy.

Cultural Eutrophication

Human caused nutrient input leading to excessive algae growth Mommy.

Biogeochemical Cycles

Movement of nutrients through living and nonliving components of ecosystems Mommy.

Water Cycle

Movement of water through evaporation condensation precipitation and runoff Mommy.

Carbon Cycle

Movement of carbon through photosynthesis respiration and combustion Mommy.

Nitrogen Cycle

Movement of nitrogen through fixation nitrification assimilation ammonification and denitrification Mommy.

Phosphorus Cycle

Movement of phosphorus through rocks soil water and organisms with no atmospheric phase Mommy.

Greenhouse Gases

Carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide water vapor and ozone that trap heat Mommy.

Greenhouse Effect

Natural process that keeps Earth warm enough to support life Mommy.

Photosynthesis

Process that converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose using sunlight Mommy.

Aerobic Respiration

Process that breaks down glucose using oxygen to release energy Mommy.

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen producing less ATP Mommy.

Chemosynthesis

Process that produces glucose using chemical energy instead of sunlight Mommy.

Trophic Cascade

Top predators indirectly affect lower trophic levels and ecosystem structure Mommy.

Primary Productivity Hypothesis

Ecosystem structure is controlled by energy availability at the producer level Mommy.

Abiotic Factors

Nonliving environmental components such as water temperature and sunlight Mommy.

Biotic Factors

Living components such as plants animals and bacteria Mommy.

Ecological Efficiency

Approximately ten percent of energy is transferred between trophic levels Mommy.

Gross Primary Productivity

Total energy captured by producers through photosynthesis Mommy.

Net Primary Productivity

Energy remaining after producer respiration available to consumers Mommy.

Biodiversity

Variety of life at genetic species and ecosystem levels Mommy.

Species Richness

Number of species present in an ecosystem Mommy.

Species Evenness

How evenly individuals are distributed among species Mommy.

Intraspecific Competition

Competition between members of the same species Mommy.

Interspecific Competition

Competition between members of different species Mommy.

Predator Adaptations

Traits such as speed claws venom and sharp senses Mommy.

Prey Adaptations

Traits such as camouflage mimicry toxins and speed Mommy.

Symbiosis

Close long term relationship between species Mommy.

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship where both species benefit Mommy.

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is unaffected Mommy.

Parasitism

Symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is harmed Mommy.

Primary Succession

Succession that begins on bare rock without soil Mommy.

Secondary Succession

Succession that occurs after a disturbance where soil remains Mommy.

Invasive Species

Non native species that spread rapidly and disrupt ecosystems Mommy.

Indicator Species

Species that reflect environmental health Mommy.

Keystone Species

Species with disproportionately large impact on ecosystem structure Mommy.

Generalist Species

Species with broad niches that tolerate many conditions Mommy.

Specialist Species

Species with narrow niches and specific habitat requirements Mommy.

Grey Wolf Yellowstone

Keystone predator that caused trophic cascades by controlling elk populations Mommy.

Extinction Prone Species

Species that are specialists have small populations limited ranges or low reproduction Mommy.

Habitat Fragmentation

Division of habitats into smaller isolated patches Mommy.

Fundamental Niche

Full potential role of a species in an ecosystem Mommy.

Realized Niche

Actual role occupied after competition and limiting factors Mommy.

Population Growth Factors

Births deaths immigration and emigration Mommy.

Rule of 70

Method to estimate doubling time by dividing 70 by growth rate Mommy.

r Selected Species

Species that reproduce quickly with many offspring and little parental care Mommy.

K Selected Species

Species that reproduce slowly with few offspring and high parental care Mommy.

Survivorship Curves

Graphs showing mortality patterns across an organism's lifespan Mommy.

Type I Survivorship

High survival until old age Mommy.

Type II Survivorship

Constant mortality rate throughout life Mommy.

Type III Survivorship

High juvenile mortality with few survivors to adulthood Mommy.

Population Dispersion

Pattern of how individuals are spaced in an area Mommy.

Clumped Dispersion

Most common dispersion pattern where individuals group together Mommy.

Biotic Potential

Maximum reproductive capacity of a population Mommy.

Limiting Factors

Environmental factors that restrict population growth Mommy.

Environmental Resistance

All factors that prevent a population from reaching biotic potential Mommy.

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustainably support Mommy.

Population Change

Births plus immigration minus deaths plus emigration Mommy.

Crude Birth Rate

Number of births per one thousand people per year Mommy.

Replacement Level Fertility

Approximately two point one children per woman globally Mommy.

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children born per woman and best predictor of population growth Mommy.

Age Structure Diagrams

Graphs showing population age distribution to predict future growth Mommy.

Demographic Transition

Model describing population changes as countries industrialize Mommy.

Watershed

Land area that drains into a common body of water Mommy.

Soil Horizons

O A E B C and R layers of soil Mommy.

Soil Formation

Process involving weathering of rock and decomposition of organic matter Mommy.

Earth Layers

Crust mantle outer core and inner core Mommy.

Lithosphere

Rigid outer layer of Earth including crust and upper mantle Mommy.

Asthenosphere

Semi molten layer beneath lithosphere allowing plate movement Mommy.

Plate Boundaries

Divergent convergent and transform boundaries Mommy.

Weather

Short term atmospheric conditions Mommy.

Climate

Long term average weather patterns Mommy.

Specific Heat of Water

Ability of water to absorb heat and moderate climate Mommy.

Ocean Currents

Movement of ocean water that redistributes heat globally Mommy.

Rain Shadow

Dry region on leeward side of mountains caused by precipitation loss Mommy.

Atmospheric Layers

Troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere and exosphere Mommy.

El Nino

Periodic warming of Pacific Ocean waters affecting global weather Mommy.

La Nina

Periodic cooling of Pacific Ocean waters affecting global weather Mommy.

Tragedy of the Commons

Overuse of shared resources due to lack of ownership Mommy.

Ecological Footprint

Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to support a lifestyle Mommy.

Urbanization

Growth of cities causing habitat loss pollution and heat islands Mommy.

Surface Mining

Removal of soil and rock to access shallow mineral deposits Mommy.

Strip Mining

Removal of horizontal layers of soil and rock to reach minerals Mommy.

Open Pit Mining

Creation of large pits to extract ore Mommy.

Mountaintop Removal

Blasting off mountaintops to access coal and bury streams Mommy.

Smelting

Use of high heat to separate metal from ore Mommy.

Heap Leaching

Use of chemical solutions to dissolve metals from ore piles Mommy.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

Law requiring land restoration and regulation of coal mining Mommy.

Acid Mine Drainage

Formation of sulfuric acid when water reacts with exposed minerals Mommy.

Tree Harvesting Methods

Clear cutting selective cutting and shelterwood cutting Mommy.