AP U.S HISTORY

• Encomienda system

• A system where Spanish settlers forced Native Americans to work for them.

• Asiento system

• An agreement that allowed Spanish colonies to bring enslaved Africans for labor.

• Slavery

Forcing people to work without freedom and pay

Land Bridge

1. Land bridge – A strip of land (Beringia) that the first people used to come from Asia to the Americas.

Adena-Hopewell

• Early Native American groups in the Ohio Valley known for building earth mounds.

• Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

• Native groups in the Southwest who farmed and built villages.

Woodland Mound Builder

• Native people who built large mounds for homes, burial, or ceremonies.

• Lakota Sioux

• A Native American tribe of the Great Plains, known for using horses to hunt buffalo.

• Mayas

• A powerful Native civilization in Mexico and Central America, known for writing and math.

• Incas

• A Native empire in South America (Peru), famous for roads and farming on mountains.

• Aztecs

• A Native empire in Mexico, known for their capital Tenochtitlán and human sacrifices.

• Conquistadores

• Spanish conquerors who took over Native lands in the Americas.

• Hernán Cortés

The Spanish leader who conquered the Aztecs

• Francisco Pizarro

• The Spanish leader who conquered the Incas.

• New Laws of 1542

• Spanish laws to stop Native American slavery (though not always enforced).

• Walter Raleigh

• English explorer who started the Roanoke colony.

• Francis Drake

• An English sailor who raided Spanish ships and circled the globe.

• Roanoke Island

• The “Lost Colony” in North Carolina that mysteriously disappeared.

• Giovanni da Verrazano

• An Italian explorer for France who mapped parts of North America

• Jacques Cartier

• A French explorer who traveled the St. Lawrence River (Canada).

• Samuel de Champlain

• The French explorer who founded Quebec in 1608.

• Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette

• French explorers who traveled the Mississippi River.

• Robert de La Salle

• A French explorer who claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France.

• Henry Hudson

• An English explorer who searched for a northwest passage; Hudson River named after him.

• Compass

• A tool that shows direction, used by explorers.

• Printing press

• A machine that made books faster, helping spread ideas

• Ferdinand and Isabella

• Spanish monarchs who supported Columbus’s voyages.

• Protestant Reformation

• A religious movement that challenged the Catholic Church and created new Christian groups

• Henry the Navigator

• A Portuguese prince who helped start European exploration.

• Christopher Columbus

• An Italian sailor for Spain who reached the Americas in 1492.

• Treaty of Tordesillas

• A 1494 agreement that split the Americas between Spain and Portugal

• Slave trade

• The buying and selling of enslaved Africans to work in the Americas.

• Nation-state

• A country united by one government, common culture, and loyalty.

• Algonquian

• A group of Native American tribes in the Northeast

• Siouan

• A family of Native American tribes, mostly on the Great Plains.

• Iroquois Confederation

• A powerful alliance of Native tribes in New York.

• Longhouses

• Long wooden homes used by Iroquois families.

• Bartolomé de Las Casas

• A Spanish priest who fought against mistreatment of Native Americans.

• Valladolid Debate

• A debate in Spain about whether Natives should be treated as equals or slaves.

• Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

• A Spanish thinker who argued Natives were less human and should be enslaved.

• Huguenots

• French Protestants who were often persecuted.

The Columbian Exchange

• The sharing of plants, animals, foods, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas after Columbus’s voyages.

Maize

another word for corn, a tall cereal plant that is known for it’s kernels that grow on large ears

Horses

Animals brought from Europe to Americas that changed how the Americans traveled and hunted

Disease

Disease is when the body is not healthy because of germs, viruses, or other harmful things. Causing you to get sick

Catholicism

• form of Christianity spread by Europeans (especially Spain).