Topic 18- AP Exam 4

Cor

The heart

Conduits

The vessels

Content

The intravascular fluid (blood)

Intracellular fluid volume in adults

2/3 of body fluids

Intracellular fluid volume in infants

1/3 of body fluids

Extracellular fluid volume in adults

1/3 of body fluids

Extracellular fluid volume in infants

2/3 of body fluids

Volume of blood

Normally 5 L (55-75 mL/kg)

Function of blood

Transport nutrients to cells/tissues (glucose, O2) and transport metabolic wastes from tissues (CO2, H2O)

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBC's)

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBC's)

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell (numerous: 40-70)

- Called PMN's (polymorhoneucleocytes)

- Prominent at bacterial and fungal infections

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell

- Second most numerous WBC - Small amount found in blood stream, majority in lymphoid tissue

- Play important role in immunity - B lymphocytes produce antibodies

Monocytes

A type of white blood cell

- Function w/ neutrophils to fight infection by phagocytosis

- usually arrive later than neutrophils

- Increased level indicates chronic infections

Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell

- increased in allergic reactions

- increased count is common in asthmatic patients

Basophils

A type of white blood cell

- smallest group of WBC

- combat small allergic reactions

Thrombocytes

Platelets

Platelets

Also known as thrombocytes, they are discoid cytoplasmic fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Hematocrit

Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs; normally about 45%.

Blood Plasma

Liquid part of blood that is clear and yellowish, consisting of 93% water and 7% solutes.

Blood serum

plasma w/o proteins

Blood Coagulation

Process that prevents blood loss through clotting, involving platelet factors and the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.

Thrombus

A clot that forms in a blood vessel.

Embolus

A dislodged clot in the bloodstream.

Pulmonary Embolus

An emergency condition where a clot is trapped in lung arteries.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

A deep clot in the legs, often occurring in patients who are immobile.

Anticoagulant

A substance that prevents blood clotting, such as heparin.

Blood Typing

Based on antigenic properties of RBCs; determines compatibility for blood transfusions.

Type O Blood

Universal donor blood type with no antigens.

Type AB Blood

Universal recipient blood type with both antigens and no antibodies.

Reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells; their presence indicates abnormal bone marrow function.

Erythropoiesis

The formation of red blood cells, stimulated by erythropoietin.

Differential

Measurement of the percentage of each type of WBC in the blood.

Platelet Factor

A sticky substance released by platelets that causes blood clotting at a traumatized site.

Serotonin

A substance released by platelets that causes smooth muscle constriction and reduced blood flow.

blood coagulation treatment

anticoagulant (heparin); "clot busters"

- Tenecteplase or TPA (tissue plasminogen activator promotes release of anticoagulant properties)

blood coagulation prevention

- prevent immobility, anti-embolism stockings, air inflation devices on legs (SCD's)

-DVT (deep vein thrombosis)

Transfusion (Primary Concern)

antibodies of recipient fight the antigens of donor

• Recipient should not receive blood w/ antigen they have antibodies for