Biology II Exam 1: Jars and Models

Green Algae (Chlorophyta) Domain & Kingdom

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Chlorophyta (Clade Green Algae).

Chlorophyta Pigments & Storage

Chlorophylls a & b; stores carbohydrates as starch.

Chlorophyta Cell Wall

Made of cellulose.

Four examples of Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

Sea Lettuce, Chara, Codium, and Spirogyra.

Red Algae Domain & Kingdom

Domain Eukarya, Clade Archaeplastida, Kingdom Rhodophyta.

Red Algae Pigments

Chlorophyll a & d.

Red Algae Gamete Motility

No flagellated gametes.

Coralline Algae Cell Wall

Contains calcium carbonate.

Commercial uses of Red Algae

Agar, nori wraps, and carrageenan (thickener).

Three examples of Red Algae

Batrachospermum, Ceramium, and Chondrus.

Brown Algae Taxonomy

Supergroup SAR, Clade Chromalveolata, Kingdom Stramenopila, Phylum Phaeophyta.

Brown Algae Pigments & Cell Wall

Chlorophylls a & c; cell wall made of cellulose.

Brown Algae Commercial Extract

Algin, which is used as a food thickener.

Two examples of Brown Algae

Rockweed and Sargassum.

Diatoms Taxonomy

Supergroup SAR, Clade Chromalveolata, Kingdom Stramenopila, Phylum Bacillariophyta.

Diatom Cell Wall

Unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica.

Diatomaceous Earth Uses

Used in toothpaste, water filters, and insulation.

Water Molds (Oomycota) Cell Wall & Lifecycle

Cell wall of cellulose; diploid dominant lifecycle.

Water Molds Nutrition

Heterotrophic, decomposing organic matter.

Hornworts Phylum & Status

Phylum Anthocerotophyta; non-vascular and spore-bearing.

Liverworts (Hepatophyta) Asexual Reproduction

Produces cup-like structures called gemmae.

Liverworts Evolutionary Status

More primitive than mosses; likely similar to first land plants.

Bryophytes Water Requirement

Need water film for flagellated sperm motility.

Three structures lacking in Mosses (Bryophytes)

Lack a waxy cuticle, vascular tissue, and rhizoids.

Moss Dominant Generation & Spore Type

Gametophyte dominant and homosporous.

Four examples of Mosses

Polytrichum, Sphagnum, Mnium, and Catharince.

Lower Tracheophytes Key Traits

Vascular, spore-bearing, sporophyte dominant, and homosporous.

Lower Tracheophytes Water Requirement

Need water film for flagellated sperm motility.

Lycophyta Gametophyte Development

Dependent on a symbiotic fungi to develop.

Lycophyta Stem Type

Horizontal stem called a rhizome.

Two examples of Lycophyta

Groundpine and Lycopodium alopecuroides.

Equisetum (Horsetails) Silica Use

Called "scouring rushes" due to abrasive silica cell walls.

Two examples of Monilophyta

Woodland Horsetail and Whisk Ferns.

Fern (Pterophyta) Spore Production

Produced in structures called sori on frond undersides.

Fern Self-Fertilization Prevention

Gametes on the same plant mature at different times.

Higher Tracheophytes Key Traits

Vascular, seed-bearing, heterosporous, and contain tracheids.

Megaspores vs Microspores

Megaspores are eggs; microspores are pollen/sperm.

Gymnosperms Gametophyte Locations

Female in ovulate cones; male in pollen cones.

Gnetophyta Examples

Mormon tea, Ephedra, and Welwitschia.

Cycads (Cycadophyta) Distinction

Resemble palms but are gymnosperms, not angiosperms.

Ginkgophyta Unique Leaf Trait

Deciduous leaves that shed, unlike other gymnosperms.

Coniferophyta Leaf Modification

Leaves are modified into needles.

Pinus Staminate Cone

The male pollen-producing cone.

Pinus Ovulate Cone

The female seed-bearing cone.

Angiosperms (Anthophyta) Vascular Tissue

Have both tracheids and vessel elements in xylem.

Angiosperm Gametophyte Locations

Female in carpel ovary; male in stamen anther.

Dicot Embryo Trait

Two embryonic leaves (cotyledons) during development.

Lichen Symbiotic Partners

Fungus (Ascomycota) and either cyanobacteria or green algae.

Lichen Symbiont Roles

Fungus provides shape/acids; algae/cyanobacteria provide sugars/nitrogen.

Three Lichen Growth Forms

Crustose, foliose, and fruticose.

Ascomycota Examples

Yeasts, truffles, powdery mildews, ergot, and morels.

Basidiomycota Sexual Reproduction

Forms basidiospores on club-like structures called basidia.

Basidiomycota Examples

Bracket fungi, toadstools, mushrooms, smuts, rusts, and puffballs.