CSDS 101- Midterm Study Guide

/a͜ɪ/ - distinctive features

rising low front to high front (off-glide)

/a͜ʊ/ - distinctive features

rising low front to high back (off-glide)

/ɔ͜ɪ/ - distinctive features

rising midback to high front (off-glide)

/j͜u/ - distinctive features

high front to high back (on-glide)

/ə/-distinctive features

midcentral lax vowel (unrounded, unstressed)

/ʌ/-Distinctive features

midcentral vowel (unrounded, stressed

/ɚ/-distinctive features

midcentral r-colored lax vowel (unstressed)

/ɝ/-distinctive features

midcentral r-colored tense vowel (stressed)

/u/-distinctive features

high back tense rounded vowel

/ʊ/-distinctive features

high back lax rounded vowel

/o/-distinctive features

midback tense rounded vowel

/ɔ/-distinctive features

low midback lax rounded vowel

/ɑ/-distinctive features

low back lax unrounded vowel

/i/ distinctive features

high front tense (unrounded) vowel

/ɪ/ distinctive features

high front lax (unrounded) vowel

/e/ distinctive features

mid-front tense (unrounded) vowel

/ɛ/ distinctive features

Mid-front lax (unrounded) vowel

/æ/ distinctive features

low front lax (unrounded) vowel

/p/

P: Bilabial

M: Stop Consonant

Voiceless

/b/

P: Bilabial

M: Stop consonant

Voiced

/m/

P: bilabial

M: nasal

Voiced

/w/

P: bilabial

M: glide

Voiced

/f/

P: Labiodental

M: fricative

Voiceless

/v/

P: Labiodental

M: fricative

Voiced

/ɵ/

P: Lingua-dental

M: Fricative

Voiceless

/ð/

P: Lingua-dental

M: fricative

Voiced

/t/

P: lingua-alveolar

M: Stop consonant

Voiceless

/d/

P: Lingua-alveolar

M: Stop consonant

Voiced

/n/

P: Lingua-alveolar

M: Nasal

Voiced

/l/

P: Lingua-alveolar

M: Liquid

Voiced

/s/

P: lingua-alveolar

M: Fricative

Voiceless

/z/

P: lingua-alveolar

M: Fricative

Voiced

/r/

P: Lingua-palatal/alveolar

M: Liquid

Voiced

/ʃ/

P: lingua-palatal

M: Fricative

Voiceless

/ʒ/

P: Lingua-palatal

M: Fricative

Voiced

/tʃ/

P: Lingua-palatal

M: Affricate

Voiceless

/dʒ/

P: Lingua-palatal

M: Affricate

Voiced

/k/

P: lingua-velar

M: Stop consonant

Voiceless

/g/

P: lingua-velar

M: Stop consonant

Voiced

/ŋ/

P: Lingua-velar

M: Nasal

Voiced

/h/

P: glottal

M: Fricative

Voiceless

Why should the IPA be studied?

variations in orthography, pronunciation of words in other languages, transcription and analysis of clients’s productions

When do you use broad and narrow transcription?

Broad is used for phonemic transcription. Narrow is used for phonetic transcription.

When do you use virgules vs. brackets?

Virgule-phonemic transcription. Brackets- phonetic transcription

Initial, medial, final phonemes for the word seat

transcription: [sit]

initial: /s/

medial: /i/

final: /t/

Prevocalic, intervocalic, postvocalic phonemes in the word Tuesdays

Transcription: [tuzdez]

Prevocalic: /t/

Intervocalic: /z, d/

postvocalic: /z/

Releasing vs. arresting phonemes for the word tusday

transcription: [tuzde] - /tuz/ /de/

releasing: /t/ /d/

arresting: /z/

Syllable shape

“C” for consonant “V” for vowel

Onset, rhyme, nucleus, and coda for the word keep

transcription: [kip]

onset: k

rhyme: ip

nucleus: i

coda: p

What are the functions of the structures used for speech production?

Primary: respiration, swallowing

Secondary: speech

Early 8

/m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

Mid 8

/t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ/

Late 8

/ʃ, s, ɵ, ð, r, z, l, ʒ/

What are the different lingual positions with which /r/ and r-colored vowels can be produced?

Mid central, retroflex articulation

Define phonetics

the study of speech sounds

Define phonemes

units of sound that carry meaning

Define phones

any sound the vocal tract is capable of producing

Define allophones

variations in production of individual phonemes

Define phonology

a branch of linguistics involved with how phonemes are represented in the human brain

Define morphology

the study of how units of language are put together to form words

Define morphemes

units of language that meaning

Define allomorphs

variations of a morpheme

Define articulators

anatomical structures above the level of the larynx used in speech production

Define lungs

sponge-like tissue within a cavity formed by the ribcage

Define larynx

structure located just above the trachea

Define vocal folds

movement will determine whether phonemes are voiced or voiceless, located in the larynx

Define adduction

vocal folds come to the midline (voicing)

Define abduction

vocal folds open (voiceless)

Define glottis

the space between the vocal folds

Define pharynx

a tubular, funnel-shaped structure located posterior to the root of the tongue and extending downward to the esophagus

Define velopharyngeal valve

composed of the velum and musculature of the posterior pharyngeal wall

Define alveolar ridge

ridges areas in the maxilla and mandible that contain the upper and lower teeth

Define PARR

Phonation: open and closing of the vocal folds

Articulation: breath modification to produce speech sounds

Respiration: exhalation-air for phoneme production

Resonation: vibration of air in resonating cavity

Define vowels

phoneme produce with relatively open vocal tract

Define consonants

sound produced with a complete or partially obstructed vocal tract

Define manner

how the breath stream is modified

Define place

where the phoneme is produced

Define voicing

whether the vocal folds are abducted or adducted

Define bilabial

phonemes produced with both lips

Define labiodental

phonemes produced by the lip and teeth

Define lingua-dental

phonemes produced as a result of contact between the tongue and upper and lower teeth (interdentals)

Define lingua-alveolar

phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the alveolar ridge

Define lingua-palatal

phonemes produced when the tongue contacts the hard palate

Define lingua-velar

phonemes produced when the back of the tongue contacts the velum

Define glottal

phonemes produced when the vocal folds partially adduct (causing friction)

Define nasal

phonemes produced by resonating the entire vocal tract (including nasal cavity)

Define stop consonants

phonemes produced with a complete blockage of the airstream which is then reduced

Define fricatives

phonemes produced with partial blockage of the airstream which results in friction

Define affricates

phonemes production starts with a stop consonant that is released into a fricative (only two)

Define liquids

phonemes that are smoothly produced and can have vowel-like characteristics (only 2)

Define glides

phonemes that also have vowel-like characteristics and are produced with initial narrowing of the vocal tract (only two)

Define voiced

vocal folds are adducted and vibrate

Define voiceless

vocal folds are abducted and do not vibrate

Define monothongs

single vowel sound

Define diphthongs

two vowels spoken in continuation (on or off glide)

Define tense

vowel production requires muscular tension at the root of the tongue

Define lax

vowels that require less muscular tension at the root of the tongue

Define rounded

lips make a circle

Define unrounded

lips are not round

Define r-coloring

influenced by the /r/ sound