Independence movements (1800–2000) (IB)

Nationalism

The belief in the right of a people to form their own nation, driving colonized peoples to view themselves as distinct groups.

Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical concepts that promoted liberty, equality, and fraternity, influencing independence movements globally.

Economic Exploitation

The practice of colonial powers extracting natural resources and labor from colonies, leading to resentment and demands for self-rule.

World Wars Impact

The weakening of European powers after World War I and II contributed significantly to independence movements in various colonies.

Modern Communication

The spread of ideas through newspapers, books, and media that facilitated independence movements' communication and coordination.

Latin America Independence

The period during which many Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal, led by figures like Simón Bolívar.

Simón Bolívar

A key figure in Latin America's independence, known for his military campaigns to liberate several countries from Spanish rule.

José de San Martín

An Argentine general and key leader in the Latin American wars of independence, particularly in Peru and Chile.

Miguel Hidalgo

A priest who launched the Mexican War of Independence, symbolizing the start of the independence movements in Mexico.

Bernardo O'Higgins

A Chilean independence leader who played a crucial role in the fight for freedom from Spanish rule.

Indian Independence Movement

The prolonged struggle by Indians to gain independence from British rule, marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi

A leader of the Indian independence movement who advocated for non-violent resistance and civil disobedience against British rule.

Jawaharlal Nehru

The first Prime Minister of India who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement alongside Gandhi.

Subhas Chandra Bose

An Indian nationalist leader who sought independence through armed struggle and was a prominent figure during World War II.

Sardar Patel

Indian statesman and key leader in the independence movement, known as the architect of modern India.

Indian Rebellion

Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, a major uprising against British rule that marked the beginning of the independence movement.

Salt March

A non-violent protest led by Gandhi against British salt laws, symbolizing the Indian struggle for independence.

Quit India Movement

A significant mass protest demanding an end to British rule in India, which intensified after World War II.

African Independence Movements

The wave of independence movements in Africa post-World War II as nations sought freedom from European colonial powers.

Kwame Nkrumah

The first President of Ghana, a prominent figure in the African independence movements and a proponent of Pan-Africanism.

Nelson Mandela

A key leader in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa and a symbol of the fight for freedom and equality.

Jomo Kenyatta

The first President of Kenya and a leader in the struggle for independence from British colonial rule.

Patrice Lumumba

The first Prime Minister of the Congo, known for his role in the struggle for independence from Belgian colonial rule.

Léopold Sédar Senghor

A Senegalese poet and politician who played a key role in the independence movement of Senegal and advocated for African identity.

Southeast Asia Independence

The period marked by decolonization in Southeast Asia after World War II, resulting in several nations gaining independence.

Ho Chi Minh

A Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader who led the country in its struggle for independence from French colonial rule.

Sukarno

The first President of Indonesia, known for his role in declaring independence from Dutch colonial rule.

Aung San

A Burmese revolutionary leader instrumental in the fight for independence from British rule.

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

An Italian poet and one of the early proponents of Futurism, who played a role in shaping Filipino national consciousness.

Middle East and North Africa Independence

A significant wave of independence movements in the Middle Eastern and North African countries post-World War II.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

A prominent Egyptian leader who became a symbol of Arab nationalism and led Egypt's revolution resulting in independence.

Muhammad Mossadegh

The Prime Minister of Iran who was ousted in a coup after nationalizing the oil industry, representing a struggle for independence.

King Hussein of Jordan

The leader who played a significant role in Jordan's path to independence from British control.

Non-Violent Resistance

A strategy employed by many independence movements, using civil disobedience and peaceful protests to achieve goals.

Armed Struggle

A common strategy in areas where colonial powers were repressive, including military campaigns and guerilla warfare.

Political Negotiation

The approach of seeking independence through negotiations between colonial powers and independence movements.

International Support

Assistance and attention from global powers during independence movements, often influencing outcomes, particularly during the Cold War.

Political Challenges Post-Independence

The struggles faced by newly independent nations, including instability and power struggles among different groups.

Economic Struggles Post-Independence

The difficulties faced by former colonies in establishing stable economies and addressing legacies of colonial exploitation.

Cultural Revitalization

The process through which newly independent nations reclaimed cultural identities that had been suppressed under colonial rule.

Global Impact of Independence Movements

The significant changes in the global political landscape leading to the formation of new nations and shifts in power dynamics.

Decolonization

The process through which colonies gained independence and self-determination from colonial powers from the 20th century onward.

Legacy of Independence Movements

The lasting effects and challenges that former colonies face in nation-building and navigating their political identities.

UN's Role in Decolonization

The involvement of the United Nations in supporting the decolonization efforts of various nations in the 20th century.

Partition of India

The division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, which led to significant turmoil.

Independence Movements

The period marked by colonies seeking freedom from imperial powers, influenced by nationalism, economic exploitation, and global political changes.