NSC 308 Chapter 5 Review

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?

• production of glycogen

• released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs

• production of fat

_______ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

Treatment for Metabolic Syndrome includes

• weight loss.

• increasing physical activity.

• eating a healthy diet.

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

• They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain.

• They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates.

• They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits.

• They are sometimes called starches.

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

• diet.

• physical activity.

• moderate weight loss.

Carbohydrates ______ be converted to and stored as fat in the body.

can

What is malting?

• process during which grain seeds sprout

• first step in beer production

The treatment for Metabolic Syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

• polysaccharides

• starch

To improve blood glucose control for patients with type 2 diabetes,

a Mediterranean-style eating plan is recommended.

Which of the following areas of the body are permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

• eyes

• kidneys

• heart

The simpler forms of carbohydrates are called ______.

monosaccharides

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

• galactose

• glucose

• fructose

A complex carbohydrate that can be starch or fiber and that often contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules is called a ______.

polysaccharide or polysaccharides

The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and _________.

amylopectin

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

Which best describes the Food and Nutrition Board's recommendation for the daily intake of carbohydrates?

45 to 65% of total calories

Providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate.

Glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body because

of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly.

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

Which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates?

• Chewing

• Cooking

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Mouth

The main function of glucose is ______.

to provide energy

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia occurs when an individual's blood sugar level ______.

falls

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

126 mg/dl

The ______ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

liver

The cooking process is often viewed as the starting point of carbohydrate digestion because cooking helps

• starch granules swell with water.

• soften fibrous tissues.

The digestion of starch begins in the mouth via the action of the enzyme ______.

salivary amylase

Providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate.

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone ______.

glucagon

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber ______ be digested by enzymes in the human GI tract.

cannot

Match the hormone with its effect on blood glucose.

• insulin ←———→ decreases blood glucose

• glucagon ←———→ increases blood glucose

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

• high blood triglycerides

• low HDL cholesterol

• abdominal obesity

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome increase the risk of ______.

• type 2 diabetes

• cardiovascular disease

Match the definition with the most appropriate term.

• fasting hypoglycemia ←———→ A condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease.

• reactive hypoglycemia ←———→ Is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal.

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating ______.

• low glycemic load carbohydrates

• regular meals with a mixture of macronutrients

Which of the following is true about pre-diabetes?

Glucose levels are mildly elevated from 100 to 125 mg/dL.

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

• Blood pressure

• Fasting glucose

• Triglycerides

Elevated blood glucose, elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high blood triglycerides, and elevated LDL-cholesterol with low HDL-cholesterol indicate ______.

Metabolic Syndrome

Patients with hypoglycemia may need to decrease their intake of ______.

• caffeine

• alcohol

______ is a condition in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet diagnostic of diabetes.

Pre-diabetes

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

diabetes.

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

At any age

Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an ______ system disorder, which causes destruction of the ______-producing cells in the ______.

immune; insulin; pancreas

Type 2 diabetes is positively associated with

• physical inactivity.

• obesity.

The treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through

• lifestyle modifications.

• medications.

Oral medications to help control blood glucose in type 2 diabetics

• can increase insulin synthesis by the pancreas.

• can reduce glucose production by the liver.

• decrease cellular resistance to insulin.

______ diabetes is strongly associated with physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

Type 2

Type 2 diabetic patients ______ require insulin.

may

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

A complex carbohydrate that can be starch or fiber and that often contains hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules is called a _______.

polysaccharide or polysaccharides

Though the Food and Nutrition Board recommends a person consume 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates, the actual RDA for carbohydrates is much

less.

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

hyperglycemic.

Which type of hypoglycemia occurs 2 to 5 hours after eating?

Reactive hypoglycemia

Which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome?

Hyperglycemia

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

• extreme thirst

• blurred vision

• frequent urination

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

Individuals with poorly controlled diabetes are at an increased risk of ______.

• blindness

• kidney disease

• cardiovascular disease

The more complex forms of carbohydrates are called _______.

polysaccharides

Which of the following groups of polysaccharides are digestible by humans?

amylose and amylopectin

When a person's fasting blood glucose levels are equal to or rise above 126 mg/dl, they are classified as having ________.

diabetes, diabetes mellitus, or hyperglycemia

The loss of pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin in type 1 diabetes is thought to originate as a(n) ______.

autoimmune disorder

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) glucose units together?

polysaccharides

Important components of therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes include ______.

• adhering to a nutritious diet plan

• adhering to prescribed medication

• regular physical activity

Which hormone is released when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

Although type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, it often begins in

late childhood.

Hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level.

low