ANT001: Final Exam

Bioological Species Concept

States that a species to interbred & produce fertile offspring

reproductively isolated for other such groups

they are connected through gene flow

Ecological Niche

distinct natural selection pressures make each group unique

how the environment shapes how organisms mate and group

Evolutionary Species Concept

Same ancestor descendant population

morphology determines if the species are similar or different

What are the Modes of Speciation

Anagensis

Cladogenesis

Allopatric

Paripatric

Sympatric

What are the different Types of Isolation

Reproductive

Geographic

Mechanical

Temporal

Hybring Fertility

Hybrid Viability

Reproductive Isolation

redcues and eliminates inrerbreeding between populations, contributes to genetic divergence, Prezygotic and post-zygotic

Mechanic Isolation

organs are no longer able to reproduce with each other

Geographic Isolation

Physical barrier

Temporal isolation:

different breeding seasons

Behavioral isolation

Different Mating Behaviors

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

F1 Hybrid generation is successful, but unable to reproduce viable hybrids

Reduced Hybrid Viability

Hybrid produced usually does not make it to adulthood, unsuccessful

Primitive

inherited from a distant ancestor

Derived

Not present in ancestor, a new evolutionary trait

Fossils

preserved remains of the daed (bones), molecules such as DNA + proteins

Radiometric Dating

radiocarbon dating: method to date fossils, the decay of C to N, it is the amount of time since the death of the organism

potassium-ardong dating: decay of K to Ar, amount of time since volcanic rock formation

Limitations of Fossil Record

gaps between time, complicate interpretation, specific parts of the skeleton are more likely to be preserved

Continental Drift

cooling and dying turned in the last 20 millions of years ago, which lead to adaptations and deep sea cores

Msozoic era

dominated by gymnosperms

Cretaceous period

angiosperms evolved and diversified, primates evolved

Australopithecines

the genus of Paranthropus and inhabits al the following species:

• anamensis

• afarensis

• africanus

• sedibal

• garchi

anamensis

oldest species of the genus

afarensis

“Lucy” —> sexual dimorphism fossil

Africanus

first ever discovered “intermediate” fossil between ancestor of Pan and Homo sapien

Sedibal

later species shwoing am ix of primitive and derived traits

Garchi

earliest evidence of stone tool use

Bipedalism

being able to walk habitually on two legs

major human characteristic of the australopithecus

Paranthropines

• evolved in Kenya

• “gracile”

• chewing machines, extraordinary chewing aparatus

• species include:

  • aethiopicus

  • boisei

  • robustus

Paranthropines anethiopicus

earliest + most “primitive”, served as the evolutionary link between austrolopithecus and later robust forms

Paranthropines boisei

based off East Africa, heavy “Nutcracker man”

Paranthropines Robustus

South Africa variant

Dentition

the arrangement of tpes of teeth and structure all play a role in an ape’s diet

Dentition formula:

Incisors: Canines: Premolars: Molars: (ICPM)

Homo Habilis

“Handy man”

first memb er of the Homo genus, larger brain, first use of stone tools

Homo rudolfensis

Like H, habilis but larger brain, longer face, and larger molar teeth

Homo ergaster

“African Homo erectus”, firs tto show human body proportions

homo erectus

First hominin to leave Africa —> Europe + indonesia, controlled fire + development of complex tool technology

Oldowan Complex:

Homo habilis, older version of tool technology

hard hammer/striking one stone against another

stones used to dig

Tool types: choppers, flakes

Acheulan Complex

Homo egaster + erectus

Bifacial flaking

hand axe, cleaver to butcher larger animals hunted and dispensing flake tools, woodmaking

more multipupose and symetrical, opportunistic —> planned, more sophistic

Division of Labor

men hunted, women foraged

Foraging strategies

• shifted to complex foraging strategies linked to long childhood

• skill acquisition took years of learning and practice, allowed young hominins to perform these difficult tasks

• brain growth: high quality food —> brain development complexity

Food processing/preparation

• “pre-digestive” step to increase brain size

• processing made nutrients easier to absorb, lessen digestive gut system because more energy was put into brain complexity/growth

Traits Attributed to Meat-eating

• larger brain size

• smaller gut size

• smaller molar and juscle muscles

• sonte tools and cooperative hunting increase

• body size and ranging increased

Eastern Asisa

the area where Homo erectus migrated to out of africa

Homo Floresiensis

“Hobbit”, miniature size (3-3.6 ‘)

island dwarfism

where the body size of a large animal species decreases over time, genetic drift through Founder’s effect, generations after becoming isolated on an island.

Homo Heidelbergensis

larger brain

big-game hutners

diversity of food resources increased

Afro-Eurasia lineage on our evolutionary line

Homo naledi

Found in Risin gstar cave system
Burial system

found in nearly impossible inaccessible cave

Mosaic evolution

concept of different traits and systems within a species evolve at different rates

evolution happens in a patchwork process

For example: H. naledi had modern-looking feet which evolve before their brain size

proves that there is no “straight line” of progress and that selection pressures act on specific body parts more than others

Neanderthals

first to recognize skull in 1856 at Germany

Skeletal Morphology

high forehead

large skull

small face + teeth

protruding chin

long limbs

Africa

where human evolution was first found (homo sapiens) through fossil evidence

Middle Stone Ages

an age of social organization and the growth of complex tool technology, and the increase of art practices and creativity

Out of Africa (2)

a theory that states that Homo sapiens replaced other hominin species in other parts of the world

Multiregionalism

other sapiens evolved into Homo sapien, the periodic gene flow between hominin sub-species

-makes much less sense since Homo sapiens were the first to leave Africa

Upper Palelolithic

• behavioral modernity

• cave art, music, creative art

• blade technology (high-tech survival)

• shelter, global expansion, healthier, clothes

Holocence

the period of glacial-interglacial cycles over past 450 kg

Founder Effect and Bottleneck

The types of genetic dfrigts that showed in support of OOA

los of rare alleles

fixation of others

peopleing of america’s was fast

Agriculture

made “tasty bits” longer and easier to access

nobile opulations became sedentary, exposure to disease increased

led to population growth

led to health issues

Bubonic Plague

1347-1352

• killed 30-50% of all people

• change immune systems

Changes in the last century

• traveling, ai, technology

• climate change, pollution, deforestation

• medicine, vaccines

Human Variation

• physical appearance

• skills/prefernces

• human disease

Role of genetics in human vs apes

Synonymous substitutions in genetic coding

humans have higher gene expression in brain from 3-80 years old

Race Concept

• widelt helf views of race are bad biology:

genetic differences between groups of people

genetic variation is within populations

genetic variation can be used to identify a person’s geographic origin

no sharp boundaries separating groups

most groups were not isolated for long periods of time

Race Concept Equation

(total genetic difference - average within population genetic difference)/(total genetic difference)

Race Concept simplified

• humans box each other humans based off morphology

• creates consequences

• skin color map

Westermarck effect

Adults are not attracted to individuals they grew up with

Inbreeding Avoidance

homoxygous recessive

• reduces fitness

• likely to share some fatal alleles

• some primates even leave nurture group when reached maturity

Jealousy

acts as an evolutionary function

prevents the risk of infidelity

sexual vs. emotional

Affinal Kinship

mating habits and family structure

complex social networks

not found among any primates other than humans

ex: food sharing shows cooperation