Lecture #1 - Genetics & Chromosomes

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18 Terms

1

Genes

Sections of DNA(sequence of nucleotide bases) that code for a specific protein (sequence of amino acids) and are expresssed as our phenotypes.

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2

Alleles

Different forms of a gene- aka- different coding for a gene. For example, there are different alleles for hair genes such as curly vs straight hair.

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3

chromosomes

packed doubled-stranded DNA that is located in the nucleus.

Made up of a double-stranded DNA + histones.

<p>packed doubled-stranded DNA that is located in the nucleus.<br><br>Made up of a double-stranded DNA + histones.</p>
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4

histone purpose

helps close, compactify, and organize DNA

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5

autosomes vs sex chromosomes

Autosomes = 22 pairs, 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Male = XY (determines sex of offspring). Female = XX

<p>Autosomes = 22 pairs, 1 pair of sex chromosomes. Male = XY (determines sex of offspring). Female = XX</p>
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6

homologous chromosomes (homologs)

in a diploid organism, chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content

-they can carry same sequence of genes(same loci) BUT they may be differen allels

-23 chromosomes from each parent from homologous chromosomes

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7

centromeres

divides chromosome/chromatid into arms

<p>divides chromosome/chromatid into arms</p>
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8

locus (loci - plural)

the physical location of a gene on a chromosome

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9

Ploidy

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

(how many of the same chromosomes are in the cell?)

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10

Haploid

Only 1 of each chromosome in each cell

-joined sister chromatids = 1 chromosome

<p>Only 1 of each chromosome in each cell<br><br>-joined sister chromatids = 1 chromosome</p>
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11

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

<p>containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.</p>
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12

Polyploid

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

-eg. down syndrome or different animals

<p>condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes<br><br>-eg. down syndrome or different animals</p>
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13

haploid number

Number of unique chromosomes in a gamate (sex cell), represented by n

(ploidy #)n = total chromosomes

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14

unreplicated vs. replicated chromosome

Unreplicated = single molecule of double-stranded DNA, aka chromatid

Replicated = 2 identical chromatids (sister chromatids) with identical DNA

<p>Unreplicated = single molecule of double-stranded DNA, aka chromatid <br><br>Replicated = 2 identical chromatids (sister chromatids) with identical DNA</p>
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15

homologous chromosomes vs. sister chromatids

Homologous = same length/size/centromere but DIFFERENT ALLELES

sister = same length/size/centrmere with EXACT SAME ALLELES (DNA)

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16

number of DNA molecules vs chromosome number

1 chromosome = 2 DNA molecules

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17

ploidy versus haploid number

Ploidy = How many replicates of unique chromosomes

Haploid = How many uniques chromosomes

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18

Heterozygous vs. Homozygous

Heterozygous - Two different alleles (Aa)
Homozygous - Two same alleles (AA or aa)

<p>Heterozygous - Two different alleles (Aa)<br>Homozygous - Two same alleles (AA or aa)</p>
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