APHUG Vocab

all words from his vocab lists

Map

flat, two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional Earth surface

Reference Map

a map type that shows where something is located in space

Thematic Map

focuses on a specific subject or theme, rater than simply showing land features

Spatial patterns

arrangement or organization of various things across a geographical area

Absolute distance

exact, measurable physical space between two locations (measured in units)

Relative distance

social, cultural, and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places, interconnected or disconnected

Cognitive distance

perceived distance between two locations, based on mental representation

Absolute location

exact position of an object or place, typically described using latitude and longitufe coordinates

Relative location

a place’s position in relation to other places or landmarks, rather than a precise location

Clustering

spatial pattern where elements are grouped closely together in a specific area

Dispersed

buildings and houses are spread out over a large area, with significant space between them

Map projections

process of transferring data from a three-dimensional Earth on a flat map

Geospatial technologies

tools and techniques used to capture and analyze geographic data

Geographic Information System (GIS)

computer-based system designed to capture spatial or geographical data

Remote sensing

collecting data from a distance without making physical contact, usually satellites or aircraft

Global Positioning System (GPS)

satellite-based navigation system that provides highly accurate location and time information

Census

a complete count of a population, usually by a governing body, to gather information

Space

physical area or surface of the Earth

Place

a specific location of Earth with unique characteristics that make it distinct

Flows

the movement of people, goods, information, and ideas across space and time

Distance decay

the further two places are from each other, the less interaction and communication

Space-time compression

distant places feel closer and more connected due to advancements in communication and transportation

Spatial perspective

a way of thinking about how and why things are positioned on the Earth’s surface

Sustainability

using resources responsibly to ensure they are available for future generations

Environmental determinism

theory that the environment determines the patterns of human culture and development

Environmental possibilism

the environment provides limitations for human activity, but humans can shape how societies adapt and develop

Scales of analysis

different levels at which geographical phenomena are studied

Global SOA

examining patterns that transcend boundaries, considering the entire planet

Regional SOA

focuses on a particular area or region, rather than the entire world or a single country

National SOA

a specific country or nation, focuses on issues and patterns that affect the entire country or a significant portion

Local SOA

level of a particular community or neighborhood, relatively small scale

Regions

a geographic area defined by certain characteristics

Formal regions

defined by official boundaries or uniform characteristics, such as political borders or common physical feautures

Functional regions

an area organized around a central point that is connected by functional relationships

Perceptual regions

defined by people’s beliefs or feelings, rather than by any formal boundaries

Arithmetic density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological density

number of people per unit of arable land, not total land area

Agricultural desnity

the number of farmers per unit of arable land

Carrying capacity

maximum number of people an area can sustainability support

Population composition

demographic characteristics of a population, including age, sex, and occupation

Population pyramid

shows the age and sex demographics of a population

Demographic

study of human populations focusing on age, sex, and race

Demography

statistical study of human populations

Fertiltiy rate

average number of children a women is exoected to have during her childbearing years

Mortality rate

number of deaths within a population, usually expressed as 1,000 people over a period of time

Birth rate

number of live births per 1,000 people in a population during a specific year

Rate of natural increase

annual percentage growth rate of a population, excluding migration

Migration rate

how many people move into and out of a area within a specific time period, number of migrants per 1,000 people

Doubling time

amount of time it takes for a population to double, “rule of 70”

DTM

tools used to categorize countries population growth rates and economic structures

Epidemiological transition model

shifting pattern of mortality and disease in a population as it develops

Malthusian theory

suggest that population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to negative consequences

Pro-natalist policies

government actions aimed at increasing birth rates and encouraging larger families

Anti-natalist policies

government actions designed to reduce birth rates and slow population growth

Ravenstein’s law of migration

a set of observations about migration patterns

Dependency ratio

measure that compares the number of people in dependent age groups to the people in the working age group

Push factor

something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place

Pull factors

motivating force that attracts people to a specific location

Intervening obstables

barriers that hinder or prevent migration from one place to another

Intervening opportunities

situation or opportunity that arises during a migration journey, influencing a person to settle or stop

Forced migration

involuntary movement of people, often due to extreme circumstances

Refugee

someone forced to flee their home country due to war or natural disaster, crossing a border

Asylum seeker

individual who has left their home country and seeking protection in another country, but has not been recognized as a refugee

Internally displaced person

individuals forced to leave their homes, but have not crossed a recognized state border

Voluntary migration

movement of people based on their own free will, often seeking opportunities

Transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock between summer and winter pastures

Internal migration

movement of people within the borders of a single country

Chain migration

multiple members of the same group move sequentially, often based on family or community ties

Step migration

individuals move gradually through locations on their way to a final destination

Guest workers

foreign workers who has been temporarily aloud to work in a host country