BIOLOGY 190A- CHAPTER 2 REVIEW

what is CHNOPS

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen (elements essential) and phosphorus, sulfur

Trace elements are

a very small percentage found

Atoms or

atomic nucleus

Atomic number is

the number of protons (top number)

Valence electrons are found

column of periodic element -10

Valence is

the number of unpaired electrons

you can find valence by

subtracting the valence electrons from 8

Isotopes have

teh same number of protons by different number of neutrons (Carbon 12 (6p, 6N) or Carbon 13 (6p, 7n) )

Atomic weight is equal to the

mass number (found by adding neutrons and protons)

Atomic mass is found

on the top right area of an element (14.007)

Non polar covalent share

equally or have similar electronegativities

polar covalent share

unequally with different electronegativities

electronegativies increase as you move

up and to the right

Ionic bonds

strip electrons form their bonding creating cations and anions

Hydrogen bonds from when

a hydrogen atom covalently bond to one electronegative atom that is attracted to another electronegative atom

Van der waals interactions are

weaker, atoms and molecules stick to one another

SHAPE DETERMINES

FUNCTION

Properties of water include

cohesion of water molecules, moderation of temperature, floating of ice, and the solvent of life (dissolves a lot)

Water is a versatile solution due to its

polarity

A sphere of water molecules is called a BLANK which surrounds each solute ion ( like table salt)

hydration shell

Hydrophilic

likes water and is polar or ionic

hydrophobic

hates water and is nonpolar

In a phospholipid, BLANK head and BLANK tail

philic head and phobic tail

Acids do what to a solution

increases hydrogen ion and is a PROTON DONOR

bases do what to a solution

decreases hydrogen ion (H+) and is a proton acceptor

PH =

-log10(H+)

(H+)(OH-)=

10 to the -14

PH value less than 7

acid

PH value greater than 7

base

buffes are what

substances that minimize changes in concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Ions are

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

cations are

positively charged

anions are

negatively charged

Isomers are when

compounds have the same formula but different structure (structural)

Cis means

same side of the structure

trans means

opposite sides of the structure

Enantiomer is when the structure is a

mirror image of each other

Hydorgen bonds are (weak or strong)

weak along with Van Der Waals

What bonds are strong

covalent and ionic

intramolecular means

a bond that hold atoms together WITHIN a molecule

intermolecular means

a bond the exists between two or more different molecules

Strong acid means

more hydrogen, less hydroxide

strong base means

more hydroxide, less hydrogen PH

PH is a measurement of

hydrogen ion concentration in a solution A

as h increases, PH level

decreasesa

as h decreases, pH level

increases