Exam Chapters 1-4 A&P I

Anatomy

Study of body structures

Physiology

Study of how all body structures function

Anterior or Ventral (Anatomical term of direction)

Front or belly side

Posterior or Dorsal (Anatomical term of direction)

Back side

Superior (Anatomical term of direction)

Closer to the head (used for head, neck and trunk)

Inferior (Anatomical term of direction)

Farther from the top of the head (used for head, neck and trunk)

Medial (Anatomical term of direction)

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral (Anatomical term of direction)

Away from the midline of the body

Bilateral (Anatomical term of direction)

Relating to or affecting two sides

Proximal (Anatomical term of direction)

Closer to the connection of the body

Distal (Anatomical term of direction)

Farther from the connection of the body

Superficial (Anatomical term of direction)

Closer to the surface (used for layered structures)

Deep (Anatomical term of direction)

Farther from the surface (used for layered structures)

Right (Anatomical term of direction)

On the body's right side (not the viewer's right side)

Left (Anatomical term of direction)

On the body's left side (not the the viewer's left side)

Axial (Anatomical region)

Head, neck and trunk

Abdominal (Anatomical region)

Belly

Axillary (Anatomical region)

Armpit

Cephalic or Cranial (Anatomical region)

Head

Cervical (Anatomical region)

Neck

Facial (Anatomical region)

Face

Inguinal (Anatomical region)

Groin

Pelvic (Anatomical region)

Lower end of the trunk

Thoracic (Anatomical region)

Chest

Umbilical (Anatomical region)

Naval

Appendicular (Anatomical region)

Arms and legs

Brachial (Anatomical region)

Arm

Carpal (Anatomical region)

Wrist

Cubital (Anatomical region)

Elbow

Femoral (Anatomical region)

Thigh

Palmar (Anatomical region)

Palms of the hands

Patellar (Anatomical region)

Knee

Plantar (Anatomical region)

Soles of the feet

Tarsal (Anatomical region)

Ankle

Sagittal (Anatomical plane)

Separates right from left. If the plane is exactly down the midline of the body, it is midsaggital.

Transverse or Horizontal (Anatomical plane)

Separates top from bottom; commonly called a cross section

Frontal or Coronal (Anatomical plane)

Separates anterior from posterior (front from back)

Supine (Anatomical plane)

Anterior surface facing up

Prone

Anterior surface facing down

Dorsal Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Includes the Cranial and Vertebral Cavities.

Cranial Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Brain

Vertebral Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Spinal Cord

Thoracic Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Includes the Pleural Cavities and Pericardial cavity

Pleural Cavities (Anatomical cavity)

Lungs

Pericardial Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Includes the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Digestive organs and spleen

Pelvic Cavity (Anatomical cavity)

Urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

Pleura

A serous membrane that surrounds each of the lungs in the thoracic cavity.

Visceral Pleura

The part of the Pleura membrane that is in direct contact with the lung.

Parietal Pleura

The part of the Pleura membrane that is NOT in direct contact with the lungs.

Pleural Fluid

Fills the space between the two layers of the Visceral Pleura and the Parietal Pleura.

Peritoneum

A serous membrane contained in the abdominopelvic cavity.

Homeostasis

A range of blood pressure, temperature, blood oxygen levels and blood calcium levels that the body must maintain for normal functioning.

Negative Feedback

The process in homeostasis that the body uses to REVERSE the direction of movement away from homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

The process the body uses in homeostasis to INCREASE the movement away from homeostasis.

Levels of organization in the human body (simplest to most complex)

Chemical, Oraganelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

Major Elements of the human body

Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Potassium (K).

Water- 5 vital functions in the body

1. Separates ions in solution. 2. Works as a lubricant. 3. Aids in chemical reactions. 4. Helps with transportation. 5. Is used for temperature regulation.

Solutions

Body fluids that are not pure water such as tears, sweat, saliva and plasma. They are composed of two basic parts: one or more solutes and a solvent.

Concentration

The amount of solute present in a solution relative to the amount of solvent.

Tonicity

Term used when comparing solutions.

Hypertonic

A solution that is more concentrated with solutes than the other solution.

Isotonic

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the solution.

hypotonic

A solution that is less concentrated with solutes than the other solution.

Organic Molecules

Come from life and must contain atoms of the elements carbon and hydrogen. Four types of Organic Molecules are: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars. The simplest form of a carbohydrate, they are the building blocks of carbohydrates.

Glucose

An example of a monosaccharide. Major fuel for cells.

Glucose equation

C H O

6 12 6

Fructose and Galactose

6-Carbon simple sugars found in foods.

Disaccharide

Is two monosaccharides formed together.

Polysaccharide

Many monosaccharides strung together.

Lipids

Contains the same atoms as carbohydrates (C,H,O) but not in the same ratio. The building blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol.

Proteins

These organic molecules contain nitrogen in addition to C, H and O. The building blocks for proteins are the 20 different amino acids.

Nucleic Acids

Organic molecules composed of C, H, O, N, and Phosphorus. There are two types of building block cells: DNA and RNA.

Metabolism

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in the human body.

Chemical reactions

Molecules must come together to react. Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body.

Chemical Reactions happen faster if:

Concentration of the reactants is increased; The speed of the reactants is increased by adding heat; A catalyst is used-enzymes are the major catalysts in the human body.

Cellular Respiration

One of the most important chemical reactions in the body. Glucose+Oxygen yields Carbon Dioxide and Water. The process yields a great deal of energy which is used to produce molecules of ATP.

Adenosine triphosphate

Contains the usable form of energy for the cell. This energy is release from a glucose molecule's chemical bonds via cellular respiration and then it helps to form a bond between adenosine diphosphate and a third phosphate.

Organelle Level

Specific structural components of cells. Molecules of different types come together to form organelles.

Cytoplasm

The fluid solutions within a cell in which organelles are suspended. Cytoplasm contains electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and gases (such as Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide).

Cell Membrane funtions

To give structure to the cell; To define what is intracellular (inside the cell) and what is extracellular (outside the cell); To regulate what may enter or leave the cell by a process called membrane transport.

Membrane Transport

One of two different ways that ions and molecules move across the cell membrane: Passively (requiring no energy) or active (requiring energy).

Passive Trasport

Moves materials across the cell membrane in either direction-into or out of the cell. There are four methods, none of which require energy for the the transport to occur.

Filtration

A passive-transport method that moves materials across a cell membrane using force but no energy.

Simple Diffusion

Materials move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until the concentration becomes equal.

Factors that govern the speed of simple diffusion

Temperature, Molecular weight, concentration gradient, Membrane surface area.

Epithelial Tissue

Cover and line all body surfaces; Are named by shape and the amount of layers.

Connective Tissue

Have cells and fibers in a matrix; Density of the matrix and type of cells and fibers determine what type of connective tissue.

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle; High concentration of proteins.

Nervous Tissue

Composed of neurons and supported by neuroglia; Vary greatly in size and shape.

Epithelial Tissue Distinguishing characteristics

Covers and lines all body surfaces; Covers organ vessels and ducts; Lines hollow organ vessels and ducts; contains glandular tissue; Are named for the shape, number of cells and type of cells.

Squamous

Flat shape of cell

Cuboid

Square shape of cell

Columnar

Tall shape of cell

Simple (Number of cell layers)

One layer

Stratified (Number of cell layers)

Multiple layers