med term ch 15

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aden/o

gland

adren/o

adrenal gland

crin/o

to secrete

gonad/o

sex glands

hormon/o

to set in motion

pancreat/o

sweetbread, pancreas

ren/o

kidney

thyr/o

shield, thyroid

thyroid/o

resembling a shield, thyroid

acid/o

a solution or substance with a pH less than 7

acr/o

extremity

dips/o

thirst

hirsut/o

hairy

ket/o

ketones

calc/i, calc/o

Calcium

glyc/o

sugar

myx/o

mucus

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

hormone

the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect

hyposecretion

deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland

hypersecretion

excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland

syndrome

A group of symptoms typical of a particular disease or condition

endocrinology

study of the endocrine system

Acidosis

excessive acidity of body fluids

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland

hirsutism

excessive hair growth over the body

adrenal virilism

excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice

ketosis

condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism

ketoacidosis

excessive ketones in the blood, making it acid

polydipsia

condition of excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive production of urine

adenocarcinoma

a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue

adenoma

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

adrenalitis

inflammation of an adrenal gland

adrenal insufficiency

reduces the body's ability to manage stress and infection

adrenal hyperplasia

excessive growth of the adrenal gland

AKA adrenomegaly

congenital hypothyroidism

condition present at birth that results in lack of thyroid hormones; results in poor physical and mental development; formerly called cretinism

Cushing syndrome

group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex

diabetes insipidus (DI)

condition caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary gland; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia

diabetes mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

diabetic retinopathy

disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision

diabetic nephropathy

accumulation of damage to the glomerulus capillaries due to the chronic high blood sugars of diabetes mellitus

endocrinopathy

any disease caused by a disorder of the endocrine system

hyperadrenalism

excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands; produces the symptoms that characterize Cushing syndrome

hypoadrenalism

abnormally reduced adrenal gland activity also called Addison's disease

hypercalcemia

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

hypocalcemia

an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood

hypoglycemia

abnormally low level of sugar in the blood

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

hyperparathyroidism

hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

hypoparathyroidism

hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

hyperthyroidism/ grave's disease

abnormally high secretion of thyroid hormones

thyrotoxicosis

morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion

hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's disease

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism

hypogonadism

deficient gonad production of sperm or eggs or hormones

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

pituitary gigantism

a condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor

pituitary dwarfism

abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

thyroiditis

inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously

adrenalectomy

surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands

endocrinology/ endocrinologist

Diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the endocrine glands and hormones

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

blood test to measure amount of sugar in bloodstream after a 12-hour fast

postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

measurement of blood sugar level after a meal (commonly 2 hours later)

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women

parathyroidectomy

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function. Radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured.

radioiodine therapy

radioactive iodine targets cells within the thyroid gland and destroys them

thyroid scan

nuclear medicine test that shows the size, shape, and function of the thyroid gland

thyroidoma

thyroid scans are usually employed to detect a thyroid tumor

thyroidectomy

surgical removal of the thyroid gland

thyroidotomy

incision into the thyroid gland

thyroid ultrasonography

noninvasive procedure to detect cysts and tumors of thyroid by directing ultrasonic pulses at gland that are reflected back for display on oscilloscope

thyroparathyroidectomy

excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

thyroxine test

test that measures the levels of thyroxine in the blood; used to diagnose hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism