NTR 401 - Final Exam

Which part of the digestive system is known for its large cell membrane surface area which aids in absorption via active transport and facilitated diffusion of nutrients into the cells

duodenum

Which of the following relationships were NOT used in the 2010 formulation of RDAs for vitamin D?

Populations living at higher latitudes with less intense sunlight have higher rates of diabetes and certain cancers.

In the stomach there are different cells that secrete gastric juices that aid in digestion. Which cells in the stomach secrete HCl to help with protein denaturation?

Parietal Cells

Which of the following is least likely to stimulate gastric secretions?

A drop in pH of the stomach contents

What side effects would you LEAST expect someone who experiences adult hypolactasia to display after consuming a glass of milk?

Vomiting

What is it called when a person is born unable to digest any products that contain the disaccharide lactose?

Congenital lactase-phlorizin hydrolase deficiency

An individual with Persistent Adult Lactasia produces an enzyme in the ______ that individuals who do not have this condition are missing.

Brush border of the enterocytes

Calcium absorption in the small intestine involves the two main transport systems, active transport and diffusion. The active transport system is the main transport system for calcium and is saturable and carrier-mediated. What is the binding protein used in calcium absorption that shuttles calcium across the cell cytosol of an enterocyte in order to result in calcium absorption into the plasma?

Calbindin D

Salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase breaks the α(1→4) glycosidic bonds of starch producing all of the following substances EXCEPT

Malt liquor

Why is there no digestion of starch in the stomach?

The low pH in the stomach denatures amylase

Which of the following statements shows the weakest evidence that a substance is an essential nutrient:

Infants hospitalized with intestinal bacterial infections were given infant formula with or without the human milk protein lactoferrin added. The lactoferrin groups recovered faster, indicating that this nutrient was essential.

The _______ is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.

Estimated Average Requirement

Nutrients are chemical substances found in foods that are necessary for human life and growth, maintenance, and repair of body tissues. Some nutrients are essential, meaning in part that they are required for biochemical functions in the body. Which of the following examples best illustrates essentiality?

Chromium binds to the protein apochromodulin and that complex is needed for full activity of the tyrosine kinase function of the insulin receptor.

Why is it so difficult to quantify the requirements for nutrients when there is so much knowledge about their metabolism?

Because individuals and populations vary in their metabolism and requirements due to genetic and environment differences.

Which of the following compounds is the hormone most responsible for causing feelings of hunger?

Ghrelin

What is the purpose of recommending daily servings of Fruits, Grains, Vegetables, Protein, and Dairy in the Food Guide Pyramid or Choose My Plate instead of listing the required nutrients?

Food groups provides a simple way to get all nutrients in a balanced diet .

An example of a nutrient in which the EAR is defined by its function, which is maintaining hematological status is the nutrient ____

Vitamin B12

An example of a nutrient for which the EAR is determined by its concentration, i.e. the intake needed to saturate white blood cells, is ____

Vitamin C

_____ is described as a reduction of hunger that should cause termination of eating at the end of a meal.

Satiety

In the mouth, saliva helps facilitate the beginning of the digestive process. Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva:

emulsification of fats into micelles

The kidneys are an important part of excretion of some nutrients and also retention of other needed nutrients. What hormone helps the kidneys to retain Na?

Aldosterone

The primary integration center in the brain for the hormonal systems and neural systems that regulate food intake and the digestive tract is the

Hypothalamus

The kidney plays an important role in water conservation. More water is extracted from the collecting ducts of the kidney and returned to the circulation when ________ stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the cell membrane

Vasopressin (ADH)

All of the following are promoters of calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT?

Oxalic acid

We obtain vitamin D from ultraviolent light from the sun converting a form of cholesterol to cholecalciferol in the skin. It is then metabolized to the most biologically active form, which is called ___

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of glutamic acid. The carboxylation results in the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. Which vitamin K vitamer is would you expect to be responsible for the greatest portion of this activity for a vegetarian?

phylloquinone

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for formation of bone. Vitamin K.......

is a cofactor for modification of bone proteins by osteoblasts.

Low blood calcium causes release of PTH from the parathyroid gland. If vitamin D were deficient in that case, which of the following would be LEAST likely to occur?

The PTH will activate calbindin D synthesis in the duodenum to increase calcium absorption.

Which of the following population groups would be considered to be LEAST at risk for developing osteoporosis later in life?

male athletes

What is the recommended period of time that people should sun bath their hands, feet, arms, and face to obtain sufficient vitamin D stores?

2-3 times per week for a period of 30-50% of the time it takes to sunburn

The chief cells in the gastric gland of the stomach, release a protein called:

Pepsinogen

The liver is important for excreting unneeded components of blood. The phagocytes near the vascular space in the liver are also known as __________ .

Kupfer cells

The renal system involves filtration of blood through the Bowman's capsule and subsequent concentration of the fluid in the renal tubule. Concentrating the solutes in the urine conserves water, but excess concentration can result in precipitation of solid _________________ , which can damage the organ or tissues.

Calcium oxalate

The amount of urine usually produced daily in the human body is equal to 1-2 liters per day, but varies based on protein, sodium and water intake. The volume of water consumed in a day is _____________ the volume of urine lost.

Possibly greater than

The major functions of the renal tubule include ALL of the following EXCEPT:

Synthesis of glucose

Fiber consists of non-digestible carbohydrates found mostly in plants and can have positive health benefits in humans. Which of the following is not defined as a component of fiber?

Collagen

Enterohepatic recirculation is an important process that occurs during the absorptive stages of digestion and during the excretion process. Which of the following is NOT a component process of enterohepaticrecirculation?

Cholesterol is extracted from VLDL by lipoprotein lipase

Foods rich in whole grains, nuts and legumes may contain what class of compounds, which is similar in structure or function to cholesterol?

Phytosterols

Which of the following functions has NOT been attributed to vitamin D?

Catalyzes calcium binding to blood-clotting proteins

The term created by committees of the IOM to describe isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates which have beneficial physiological effects on humans and can be added back into other foods is

Functional fiber

Energy intake is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrate, fats, and alcohol in our bodies. The imbalance of energy intake results in either weight gain or loss. Even when trying to lose weight it is important to realize that muscle atrophy can occur rather than fat loss. To prevent muscle atrophy during weight loss it is recommended to have adequate intake of

carbohydrate

There are high and low quality proteins in most diets. A majority of animal products are high/complete and plant products are low/incomplete. To compensate for the incomplete protein in plants, one could to eat a combination of plants such as rice and beans. Given the following choices, the food with highest protein quality would most likely come from

peanut butter sandwich on wheat bread.

Carbohydrates are stored as polysaccharides in the body because it lowers the ____________ pressure, which allows more storage of sugar with less ___________ in the liver.

osmotic; water

Protein-related diseases are not that common in the US but can occur through consuming poor quality proteins or little protein. In what populations do we see a majority of these diseases?

Children

During the formation of bone, osteoblasts are activated by vitamin D but for the correct bone mineralization, the action of which other vitamin is also required.

Vitamin K

Myofilaments are organized together into repeating units called____________, that constitute the basic unit of muscle contraction.

sarcomeres

Muscular atrophy can be caused by a lack of physical activity or by neurogenic atrophy, a condition caused when the nerve that connects to a muscle is damaged. What nutrient has recently been associated with this condition?

Vitamin D

A condition caused by insufficient folate or vitamin B12 intake that results in blocked cell division and the development of large nucleated erythroblast is calledMegaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

Sally is a vegetarian nutrition student and is concerned she is not consuming enough complete proteins. How can sally best use her knowledge in order to make sure she supplies her body with these necessary proteins in a safe and effective manner?

Conduct a 3-day diet record and compare her amino acid intake with requirements to determine if she is actually deficient in a limiting amino acid.

Iron is a very important element and is found within every living cell. The following are ALL symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia EXCEPT:

Elevation of the iron binding protein, ferritin, in the blood serum.

Beta-oxidation occurs in a cyclic manner, with the repeated release of

acetyl-CoA

What component forms the most hydrophobic/ non-polar region of a phospholipid such as lecithin?

fatty acid

Free radicals are protons/electrons that move around in the body crashing into tissues and causing damage. Which of the following antioxidants does not work by first trapping and stabilizing a single electron from a free radical?

catalase

_______ is part of coenzyme A (CoA), which is necessary to metabolize alcohol, amino acids, carbs, lipids, and proteins.

pantothenic acid

Alpha-linolenic acid is an important dietary constituent because

It is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid.

Unlike many animals humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C and it is therefore needed in the diet. It has a main function as an electron donor and works as an antioxidant. It also plays an important role in synthesis, of

collagen

Which pathway during ω-6 fatty acid metabolism yields prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid?

cyclooxygenase

What amino acid cannot be produced in adequate amounts by individuals with phenylketoneuria (PKU), who are deficient in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity?

tyrosine

Which or the following is NOT a coenzyme or dietary form of the vitamin Niacin?

nicotine

Which amino acid can be broken down to yield to HMG CoA, a key metabolite in cholesterol synthesis?

Leucine

In order to grow and develop, the body makes use of nutrients supplied in the diet. Iodide, present in food as Iodine is used in the synthesis of thyroxine, which is necessary for growth and development. The RDA for Iodide is based on ___________

how much iodide is needed for a steady state in the thyroid gland.

Birth defects, such as fetal malformation and spontaneous abortion has been linked to too little _________ and too much ________?

Folate; vitamin A

Vitamin A is a key component in cellular differentiation and acts by interaction with the nuclear receptors referred to as

RXR or RAR

Cretinism results from an untreated congenital nutrient deficiency. The symptoms of this deficiency are deaf mutism, spasticity, inadequate myelination of nerve cells, and mental retardation. The nutrient involved in this deficiency is

iodine

Hormonal factors that tend to elevate blood glucose include ALL of the following EXCEPT

insulin

In the muscle, growth hormone stimulates ____________ uptake by inducing the expression of lipoprotein lipase.

fatty acid