apush chapter 4

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin’s 1754 proposal for a “general government” to manage relations between the colonies and Native Americans; rejected by the colonies at the beginning of the French and Indian War.

Seven Years’ war

Called the French and Indian War in the American colonies, the Seven Years’ War was a global conflict between England and France ultimately won by England in 1763.

William Pitt

Leading English secretary of state and prime minister who ran England’s war effort during the Seven Years’ War.

Proclamation of 1763

Attempt by England to reduce violence between Native Americans and English colonists by legally barring settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act of 1764

British act of 1764 designed to stop sugar smuggling in the colonies by lowering taxes on molasses but enforcing their payment and forcing compliance with trade laws.

Stamp Act

Hated act passed by Prime Minister Grenville of England that required an official stamp on all paper documents in the colonies and united the colonies against England.

Paxton Boys

A group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and massacred a number of Conestoga.

Regulators

farmers of the interior who organized and armed themselves to resist high taxes in 1771

Sons of Liberty

Groups of male colonists who organized against England’s enforcement of the Stamp Act and who terrorized British officials.

Declaratory Act 1766

Passed by the Marquis of Rockingham and confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

Committees of Correspondence

First called for by Samuel Adams, the committees formed in Boston and other parts of the colonies to share information about British abuses of power.

Boston Massacre

Inflammatory description of a deadly clash between a mob and British soldiers on March 5, 1770, that became a symbol of British oppression for many colonists.

“Internal” taxes

A tax based entirely on activity/transactions within the colonies

“External” taxes

Taxes on imports and exports

Virtual representation

British political theory holding that members of Parliament represented all British subjects, not just those from the specific region that had elected them.

Intolerable acts (Coercive acts)

Parliament’s retaliation against the Boston Tea Party that was meant to coerce Boston colonists by reducing the colony’s self-government.

First Continental congress

Early gathering of colonial delegates in 1774 that called for the repeal of all oppressive laws of Parliament since 1763.

Lexington and Concord

the first battle of the American revolution.