BIO101 Exam #3

Virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.

Hepatitis B

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

Ebola Virus

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (immune system and blood vessels)

Adenovirus

Targets the respiratory system/common cold

Influenza

Flu virus targeting the respiratory system

Rabies Virus

Attacks the nervous system

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Papillomavirus

virus that causes warts and is associated with cancer

Rotavirus

Attacks the digestive system

Herpes virus

inflammatory virus of the skin

Capsid

Outer protein coat of a virus

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Viral genes

Commonly called DNA or DNA, found inside of the virus particle.

Lytic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

How does HPV replicate that leaves the host cell intact?

Viral shedding or budding

Why do cells have an increased risk of becoming cancerous when infected with HPV?

HPV doesn't result in the death of the host cell

Cutaneous HPV infects...

Hands and feet

Genital HPV infects...

genital regine

HPV spreads through...

skin to skin contact, vaginal, anal, or oral sex

Low-risk HPV

6 and 11, causes genital warts

High-risk HPV

16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58; cancerous if left untreated

How does HPV increase cancer risk?

High-risk strains have persistent infection and may cause abnormal cell growth that increases cancer risk

HPV Cancers

throat and tonsil cancers, cervical cancer

HPV Myths

1. HPV is rare (No, it's the #1 STI in the USA)

2. If you're infected with HPV, you'd know (Most infected people are asymptomatic. Weaker immune systems may cause genital warts or cancer)

3. You must have sexual intercourse to get HPV (High frequency of HPV detection in the vagina before vaginal intercourse)

4. Only women get HPV infection (Affects both genders)

5. The HPV vaccine causes teens and preteens to become sexually active (...No.)

6. The HPV vaccine provides life-time protection (Only provides protection for certain strains for 10 years)

7. If you already have HPV, you don't need a vaccine (There are 9 different strains of HPV and it protects you from strains you haven't contracted yet)

8. HPV testing is available for both men and women (Only women thru a pap smear)

9. Females should get pap tests as soon as they're sexually active (Age 25+)

10. Females who are vaccinated do not need to be screened for cervical cancer

11. Women can stop getting screened for cervical cancer after they have kids

12. If your partner uses a condom, you cannot contract HPV (HPV transmits through skin to skin contact, not only intercourse)

13. You can figure out a time frame of when you first contracted HPV

Pap test

examination of cells taken from the cervix

Colpscopy

A follow up screening to a pap smear where a magnified glass looks at the cervix, sprays with a vinegar substance where abnormal cells can be see. The severity ranges between low grade CIN, to cervical cancer

HPV testing

Looks for the DNA high-risk HPV strains in cervical cancer

Why might it be difficult for women to see a reproductive health doctor?

Lack of health insurance/funds, embarrassment

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus; ex: bacteria

Eukaryotic

cells with a nucleus that are 10x larger than prokaryotes; ex: animal, plant, fungi

Resident microbes

each site has particular populations

changes over time (skin microbes gained at birth, digestive microbes through breastfeeding)

Pathogenic microbes

invade and damage the cells and tissue; disease causing

Benefits of resident microbes

Outcompete the pathogenic microbes, thus killing them, and make vitamins B & K for us

Lactobacillus

Prokaryotic bacteria

Candida

A yeast commonly found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Eukaryotic cell.

Lactobacillus and Candida's relationship

Antagonistic relationship. Lactobacillus keeps candida in check when the body has a yeast infection

Prokaryotic cell structure

Capsule

The outermost layer of the bacterium. It prevents dehydration and allows the bacterium to escape white blood cells of your immune system

Cell wall

The middle layer of the bacterium that helps with structural support of the cell

Plasma membrane

The inner layer of the bacterium that regulates what enters and exits the cells.

Ribosomes

Produces protein for the bacteria

Cytoplasm

The fluid and space found outside the nucleus

Chromosomal DNA

Contains basic genes that allow bacteria to survive and carry about basic life functions

Plasmid DNA

Not all bacteria will have this. Plasmids are pieces of DNA bacteria absorb from their environment or get from other bacteria. May provide bacteria with a certain advantage, like the ability to be resistant to antibiotics

Pili

protein structures that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces that they want to infect

Flagella

Help bacteria move to search for food and resources, or to escape from white blood cells trying to hunt them down

Biofilm

Polysaccharide sheath shielding a community of bacteria. Large communities can produce biofilms that protect the bacteria from destruction

ex: dental plaque and growths inside cathers

Benefits of forming biofilms for bacteria

1. Get protection from the polysaccharide sheath

2. In communities, bacteria can communicate when food and resources are high (stimulates growth). When food is low bacteria growth is slowed down.

Endotoxins

Inside the second layer (cell wall)

Benefits of releasing endotoxins for bacteria

Endotoxins are used to damage host cells and to trigger symptoms that can cause the host to transmit the disease

(symptoms of fever, coughing, chills)

Exotoxins

Endospores

Endospores are used by anthrax bacteria. Produced by bacteria that will die due to limiting circumstances (severe weather, lack of resources). The dormant (inactive) version of the bacterium that are left behind when the bacteria dies. Can survive any extreme condition.

Bacillus

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges (a set of 3 tissue layers the cover the brain) caused by cocci (circular) bacteria that affect the nervous system.

Transmitted through coughing, sneezing, sharing utensils & drinks, kissing, living in close quarters. The olfactory nerve in the nasal cavity connect directly to the brain.

Symptoms include severe headaches, sudden high fever, stiff neck/body aches, fatigue, confusion, loss of balance and motor skills

Diagnosed thru lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to access cerebrospinal fluid.

Antibiotic treatment.

Anthrax

A bacilli (pill-shaped) bacteria caused by spore-forming bacteria used as biological warfare.

Transmission types and their symptoms:

1. Cutaneous exposure: large sore on skin with necrosis (dead tissue), w/ a topical treatment

2. Inhalation: death of suffocation

3. Ingestion: Bleeding in digestive system (2 & 3: I.V. treatment)

Diagnosed thru test of the presence of the bacterium in a blood, respiratory secretions (ie mucus), and a skin swab. Antibiotics used to kill the bacteria.

Lyme Disease

A spirochete bacterial disease spread by the black legged tick.

Transmitted by tick bites. They release an anesthetic that numbs the skin and anticoagulant that prevents blood from clogging.

Symptoms are a circular, bullseye rash

Diagnosed through blood test or lumbar puncture

Antibiotic treatment

Syphilis

A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by spirochete (spiral-shaped) bacteria

Transmitted thru direct contact with a syphilitic sore during oral, vaginal and anal sex, from mother to child during pregnancy

Primary syphilis: a chancre sore going away in 4-6 weeks

Secondary syphilis: body wide rash ranging from days to months

Tertiary syphilis: Heart and nervous system affected

Diagnosed thru blood test

Antibiotic treatment

Antibiotics

Medications and drugs that used to kill bacteria; significantly reduces the number of bacteria and then allows your immune system to fight the remaining germs

Antibiotic resistance

When some antibiotics are no longer effective in killing bacteria; the bacteria survives in the presence of the antibiotic

How do bacteria get the plasmid DNA needed to help the bacteria resist antibiotics?

Transformation and Conjugation

Transformation

Form plasmid by connecting DNA fragments that enter the bacteria cell

Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of plasmid DNA transfer

Three strategies bacteria uses to become resistant to antibiotics

1. Plasmid has information to protect itself and destroys the drug with protein #1

2. Efflux pump removes the antibiotic from the cell

3. Decrease uptake, doesn't allow the antibiotic to work