Unit 2 113: Brd sytm & Helth Mang

Genetics

Study for heredity and the expression of those traits

Heredity

Transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring

Chromosomes

Cells inside the nucleus

DNA

Chromosomes that carry genetic information

Genes

Specific segments of DNA on each chromosome

What are body cells called?

Somatic cells

What is a full set of chromosomes called?

Diploid

What are reproductive cells called?

Gametes

What is half a set of chromosomes called?

Haploid

What are homozygous allelels?

Same

What are heterozygous allelels?

Different

Can you tell an animal’s genotype by his phenotype?

Not always, phenotype (can see), does not always tell its genotype (genes).

Dominant gene

Gene that, when present, will typically be expressed

Recessive gene

Typically, only expressed if the animal has two copies of the gene AND the dominant gene is absent

Freemartin

Female calf born as a twin with a male calf, that is usually infertile

Cryptorchid

One or both testicles that have not descended into the scrotum

Lethal genes

Genes that when inherited in certain combinations can cause death

Mutations

Changes in an organisms’ DNA/genes

Prepotency

Due to homozygous genes, brought on by inbreeding or line breeding

Animal breeding system

Way of breeding and producing certain types of animals

Different types of breeding systems?

Selective, semi-selective, random

Inbreeding

Mating of closely related individuals

Inbreeding depression

Reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding, or breeding of related individuals

Close-breeding

Mating of closely related animals, such as sire-daughter, son-dam, brother-sister

Line breeding

Occurs when relatives are not quite as closely related, cousins

Outbreeding

Mating of fairly unrelated individuals; increases heterozygosity and hybrid vigor

Handmating

Males and females are kept separate until mating time

Advantages and disadvantages of handmating

Ad; one male can service more females, more accurate breeding data

Dis; More labor required, requires accurate “heat detection”

Pasture mating

Males and females are kept together during a specified mating season

Advantages and disadvantages of pasture mating

Ad; less labor required, failure of heat detection is less likely

Dis; can require high male to female ratios, limits breeding data

Artificial insemination

Semen collected from the male deposited into the reproductive tract to the female

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination

Ad; more females bred to outstanding males, not necessary for producer to keep the sire, checks fertility of sire, controls certain diseases

Dis; increases labor cost, requires accurate timing of insemination, may increase the spread of genetic defects

Objective health management

Goal of herd health management programs is to ensure the optimal care and well-being of animals and to reduce losses in productivity caused by disease and management errors

Health management variables

Location, size of operation, existing disease conditions, financial capabilities of the producer

Health

Organisms’ ability to live within the environment, adapt to changes, and remain in a normal physiological state

Disease

Occurs when ability to adapt to changes declines and the ability to stay within a normal physiological state does not occur

Infectious disease

Occurs due to microorganisms (bacteria, virus, fungus)

Noninfectious disease

Results from things other than microorganisms (hit by car, lacerations, toxins or poisons)

Contagious disease

Infectious disease that can be transmitted between individuals

Are all infectious diseases contagious?

Not all

5 modes of disease transmission

Airborne, food, water, insects, direct contact

Immunity

Ability to ward off disease

Innate immunity

Present at birth

Acquired immunity

acquired during the course of life; occurs by being infected or the result of being vaccinated

Colostrum

The first milk - contains antibodies from the mother, is how the mother gives passive immunity to the offspring

Antigen

Something foreign that can cause disease or illness (microorganisms, insect venoms, plant poison)

Antibody

Produced by the body to fight off antigens, each antibody is typically specific for one Antigen

Antiseptics

Substance or agent that opposes microbial infection by preventing or inhibiting the growth or action of microorganisms, such as bacteria, in or on living tissue, such as the skin or mucous membranes, CAN be used on TISSUE

Disinfectants

A (usually harsh) chemical agent that is used on hard surfaces to disinfect (to destroy, inactivate, or significantly reduce the concentration of pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi), at full strength can NOT be used on TISSUES

Sanitizers

Reduce the number of microorganisms to a level that is below what is needed to cause disease

Sterilization

Process that causes complete destruction of microorganisms by chemical or physical means, such as an autoclave

Pharamaceuticals

Typically used to treat disease

Should be as selective (specific) as possible, guard against resistance, work relatively quickly

Antimicrobials

Drugs used to kill microorganisms

Steroids

Drugs used to reduce the inflammatory response

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)

Drugs that reduce the inflammatory response but with fewer side effects than steroids

Hormones

Drugs used to treat endocrine dysfunctions

Biologicals

Drugs typically used to prevent disease, vaccines

Topicals

Drugs applied directly to the body; skin eyes mucus, membranes, cream, spray, ointment

Oral, enteral administration

Drugs are given via the GI tract, pill, capsule

Injectables, parenteral

Drugs given via needle and syringe, IV catheter

Subcutaneous (drug administration)

between skin and muscle

Intramuscular (drug administration)

into muscle

Intravenous (drug administration)

into a vein

Intradermal (drug administration)

into the dermis layer of skin

Intraperitoneal (drug administration)

into the abdomen cavity

Why intraparetioneal?

MANY blood vessels for absorption

Inhalants (drug administration)

given using the lungs, mists; anesthesia

Why use a specific drug administration route?

Absorption time, action of drug may be altered, drug may be irritating to tissues when used by a certain route

Assessments

1: History, 2: physical exam, 3: diagnostic test

History assessment info?

Eating/drinking habits, fecal consistency, posture and movement, behavioral changes, herd/group comparison, sounds

Physical exam assessment info?

Temp, HR, RR