A&P II Final Review

Flashcards from A&P II Final Review Lecture Notes

ADH

Water balance

OXT

Female reproductive system; triggers uterine contractions during childbirth

LH

Production of sex hormones by gonads

FSH

Stimulates production of sperm and eggs

TSH

Stimulates release of thyroid hormone TH, which regulates metabolism

PRL

Milk production

GH

Targets liver/bone/muscles to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF) for body growth and higher metabolic rate

ACTH

Targets adrenal glands to produce glucocorticoids, which regulate metabolism and stress response

Tunica intima (or tunica interna)

Connective tissue

Tunica media (elastic arteries)

Elastic tissue and smooth muscle (40-70 layers of elastic tissue)

Tunica media (muscular arteries)

Smooth muscle (25-40 layers)

Tunica media (arterioles)

Smooth muscle (1-3 layers)

Tunica adventitia (tunica externa)

Different types of connective tissue

Mucosa

Innermost tunic of digestive tract; contains mucous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

Submucosa

Next tunic superficial to mucosa; contains thick connective tissue with nerves, blood vessels, and lacteals

Muscularis externa

Next tunic after submucosa; contains inner layer of circular smooth muscle and outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle

Serosa

Outermost layer of digestive tract; called visceral peritoneum in peritoneal cavity and adventitia in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum

Secretin

Cells that monitor chyme (detector cells of acid to release NaHCO3)

CCK

Causes gallbladder to spasm and release bile

VIP (vaso intestinal peptide)

Secreted as chyme is entering to tell jejunum and ileum to dilate (maximize food absorption)

GIP (glucose insulin peptide)

To pancreas to release insulin

Superior or upper esophageal sphincter

Between laryngopharynx and esophagus

Inferior or lower esophageal sphincter

Between esophagus and stomach

Pyloric sphincter

Between the stomach and small intestine

Ileocecal sphincter or valve

Junction between ileum and large intestine

Internal anal sphincter

Between rectum and outside the body

External anal sphincter

Between rectum and outside the body

Pancreatic amylase

Digests carbohydrates

Pancreatic lipase

Digests fats

Pancreatic nucleases

Digests nucleic acids like DNA/RNA

Pancreatic proteases

Digests proteins

IgM

Primary immune response; agglutination

IgG

Activates complement proteins and neutralizes toxins

IgA

Provides immunity in newborns

IgD

Determine whether B cell becomes plasma cell or memory cell

IgE

Allergic response (attaches to mast cells and basophils to cause histamine release)