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When did James II's Catholicism become public knowledge?
1669
When did James II refuse to swear loyalty to the Church of England? Under what Act?
Test Act, 1673
Did Charles II have any legitimate children?
No
When did the threat of a Catholic line of succession become apparent?
When James married Catholic princess Mary of Modena
What underpinned the Exclusion Crisis?
The threat of a Catholic line of succession
When was the Popish Plot?
1678
What was the Popish Plot based on?
Titus Oates' fabrication of a Jesuit plan to assassinate Charles II so he could be replaced by James
Why did people believe Titus Oates?
Anti-Catholic hysteria was commoin
Why did Anti-Catholicism intensify during the 1670s?
Due to Louis XIV's expansion of France
Why was the Popish Plot significant?
It raised people's concerns over Catholic succession
When did Charles have to accept the 2nd Test Act?
1678
What did the 2nd Test Act do?
Banned Catholics from Parliament
When was the Cavalier Parliament dissolved?
January 1679
When did the First Exclusion Parliament meet?
March 1679
Why did Charles II call the First Exclusion Parliament?
He needed money
When was the First Exclusion Parliament?
March-May 1679
Was the First Exclusion Parliament very different to the Cavalier Parliament? Why?
Yes, as the fears of Catholicism and absolutism had heightened
What was the focus of the First Exclusion Parliament?
Securing freedom and rights in the event of a Catholic succession
How much did the First Exclusion Parliament grant Charles to disband his army during peacetime?
£200,000
What was the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act?
Reinforcement of common law stating that the cause of imprisonment had to be stated and brought to trial
When was the Habeas Corpus Amendment Act?
May 1679
What were those who favoured Exclusion called during the First Exclusion Parliament?
Anti-court
What were those who opposed Exclusion called during the First Exclusion Parliament?
Court
By how much were the 'court' group outnumbered?
2 to 1
What was leaked in April 1679 and what did it show?
Some of Edward Coleman's correspondence showing that James had been negotiating with France and the Pope
When was the Exclusion Bill read?
May 15th 1679
Who pushed the Exclusion Bill?
Shaftesbury
What were the votes on the passing of the Exclusion Bill?
207-128
Did some MPs decide not to vote on the Exclusion Bill?
Yes
What was Charles II's priority during the Exclusion Crisis? (2 points)
protect his position
protect his brother’s right of succession
When did Charles II prorogue the First Exclusion Parliament?
May 27th 1679
Why did Charles II prorogue the First Exclusion Parliament?
Due to the political pressure over the passing of the Exclusion Bill
Who advocated for exclusion alongside Shaftesbury?
Duke of Monmouth
Who was the Duke of Monmouth?
Charles II's illegitimate son
Why did Monmouth push for Exclusion?
He was a possible candidate for the throne
Why did Charles II dissolve the First Exclusion Parliament?
He was wary of Monmouth's popularity
When did Charles II dissolve the First Exclusion Parliament?
July 1679
When did the Dutch War end?
1678
Who sought alliances with England after the Peace of Nijmwegen? (2)
France and the Netherlands
How did Charles II try to avoid calling Parliament in Oct 1679?
Trying to secure funds from the French and the Dutch
When did Charles II become ill?
August 1679
What was the effect of Charles II's illness?
Calls for Exclusion became more heated
Where did Charles II send Monmouth in 1679 to ease political pressure?
The Netherlands
Where did Charles II send his brother in 1679 to ease political pressure?
Scotland
When did Charles II remodel his Privy Council?
Autumn 1679
Why did politics move more onto the street in this period?
Charles kept proroguing Parliament
Who supported Exclusion?
Whigs
How did the Whigs advocate for Exclusion? (5)
Petitions
Pamphlets
Processions
Plots
Prosecutions
How did Shaftesbury and his Whig supporters react to Charles proroguing Parliament?
Petitioned for Parliament meeting with no prorogation
How many pamphlets attacking James II were published during the Exclusion Crisis?
200
When did Whigs attempt to prosecute James as a recusant?
1680
Who opposed Exclusion?
Tories
When was the Abhorrence Movement?
1682
Who were the Abhorrers?
Those who opposed people who pushed for Exclusion
Who was Roger L'Estrange?
A royal pamphleteer who publicised the Tory anti-Exclusion position
When was Patriarcha published?
1680
Who wrote Patriarcha?
Robert Filmer
What was Patriarcha's main argument?
That Parliament was subordinate to the Crown and should respect the monarch and their right to rule
What was the most influential Tory newspaper? Who wrote it?
Observator, written by L'Estrange
When was Observator published?
1681-87
When was the Second Exclusion Parliament?
1680
How did Charles II delay the Second Exclusion Parliament?
He prorogued it 7 times
Did another Exclusion Bill pass the Commons in the Second Exclusion Parliament?
Yes
Who stopped the passing of the Exclusion Bill in the Second Exclusion Parliament?
The Lords
How did Parliament attempt to force Charles into accepting Exclusion?
Financial power
How much did Parliament offer Charles for Exclusion in the Second Exclusion Parliament?
£600,000
How did Parliament further pressure Charles II during the Second Exclusion Parliament?
Refusing to give any money until Exclusion was granted
How did the Second Exclusion Parliament end?
Charles II dissolved it
When was the Oxford Parliament?
March 1681
Why did Charles choose for Parliament to sit in Oxford?
It was a loyalist area
When was the turning point for Charles defeating Exclusion?
1681
Was there a new Exclusion Bill in the Oxford Parliament?
Yes
Why did Charles have the ability to dissolve the Oxford Parliament?
He had secured funds from France so no longer needed Parliament
When was the secret treaty with France to secure funds?
March 1681
What did France offer Charles II in the secret treaty? (2)
£40,000 immediately
£115,000 annually for three years
What did Charles promise France in exchange?
To not call Parliament for 3 years
What did Charles follow the dissolution of the Oxford Parliament with?
A declaration outlining his stance that was read from every pulpit
Did Charles ever reach a settlement over Exclusion with Parliament?
No
How did Charles' finances help Exclusion fail?
As he had money from France, he could dissolve Parliament to stop Exclusion Bills from passing
How did the conservatism of the Lords and the church help Exclusion fail?
Charles could rely on a block of anti-Exclusion support
How did wider support help Exclusion fail?
There was general public support for the Tory view
How did Charles' prerogative help Exclusion fail?
His powers of prorogation and dissolution could stop Exclusion Bills from passing
How did the resurgence of loyalism help Exclusion fail?
The portrayal of Exclusionists as republicans helped loyalism to return
How did the radicalism of Exclusion help it fail? (2)
it was an attempt to interrupt divine succession
the threatened punishment of James if he tried to take the Crown was severe
How did the limited of Whig support help Exclusion fail?
Only a very small number of MPs actually voted for Exclusion
How did persecution help Exclusion fail?
Charles' Whig opponents were repressed and persecuted
When was Charles at his most powerful?
1681-85
When did Catholic James II come to the throne?
1685
Describe James II's personality as a monarch (2)
Inflexible and authoritarian
What was James II's main goal as a monarch?
Improving the position of Catholics
What did James II want to do about the Test and Corporation Acts?
Repeal them
Describe James II's attitude towards dissenters.
Inconsistent
What did James II declare at the start of his reign? What did he attempt to do through this?
That he would not stray from the Crown's traditional powers, attempting to ease fears about the links between Catholicism and absolutism
Where did Tory loyalty effectively remain, despite the fact that Exclusion was defeated?
With the Church of England
When was the rebellion against James II?
1685
Who led a rebellion in Scotland against James II?
Earl of Argyll
Was Argyll's rebellion successful?
No
Who led a rebellion against James II in England?
Duke of Monmouth, Charles II's illegitimate son
Did Monmouth's rebellion succeed?
No
What happened to Monmouth?
He was executed
Note 
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