Integumentary System and Fascia Flashcards

Flashcards about the integumentary system, skin, and fascia.

Acid Mantle

Suppresses bacteria growth and provides moisture barrier/water resistance in skin.

Skin

Largest organ of the human body, approximately 15% of total body weight.

Acid Mantle

Helps to maintain a normal skin flora by serving as a protective barrier against bacterial and fungal infections.

Skin

Major sensory organ and autonomic functions such as thermoregulation.

Innervation of Skin

Skin is a major sensory organ, important in thermoregulation and includes thermal, noxious, and mechanical types.

Free nerve ending (Epidermis)

Pain, itch.

Free nerve ending (Dermis)

Pain.

Merkel's disks

Touch.

Meissner's corpuscle

Touch.

Ruffini's corpuscle

Warmth

Krause's end bulb

Cold

Pacinian corpuscle

Pressure, vibration

Dermatome

Area of skin supplied by all the cutaneous branches of an individual spinal nerve.

Superficial (acute) pain

Transmitted by A-delta fibers and tends to be sharp but ceases when the pain stimulus stops.

Deep (chronic) pain

Transmitted slowly over the smaller, thinly myelinated C fibers and tends to spread over a more diffuse area, lasts for longer periods of time, and remains even after the pain stimulus is gone.

Skin temperature control

Dilatation or constriction of skin blood vessels.

Melanin

Protects the skin against the harmful effects of UV radiation on DNA and is an efficient scavenger of damaging free radicals.

Tumor suppressor genes

Genes that keep cell growth in check or cause cells to die at the right time.

Asymmetry

One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.

Border

The edges are irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred.

Color

The color is not the same all over and may include different shades of brown or black, or sometimes with patches of pink, red, white, or blue.

Diameter

The spot is larger than 6 millimeters across (about ¼ inch – the size of a pencil eraser), although melanomas can sometimes be smaller than this.

Evolving

The mole is changing in size, shape, or color.

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

Consists of dead keratinocyte cells; flakes and sheds; is easily removed during bathing activities and more efficiently by scrubbing the surface of the skin.

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Also contains Langerhans cells in addition to keratinocytes.

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)

Contains keratinocytes and Langerhans cells.

Stratum basale (germinating layer)

Single layer of epidermal cells (keratinocytes); contains melanocytes; can regenerate.

Dermis

Collagen and elastic fibers provide skin tone and account for the strength and toughness of skin.

Papillary dermis

Composed of collagen and reticular fibers. Its distinct, unique pattern allows fingerprint identification for each individual. It contains capillaries for skin nourishment and touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles).

Reticular dermis

Composed of collagen bundles that anchor the skin to the subcutaneous tissue. Sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, and blood vessels can be found in this layer.

Subcutaneous Tissue (Hypodermis)

Attaches the dermis to underlying structures to promote an ongoing blood supply (blood reservoir) to the dermis for regeneration and is primarily composed of adipose tissue.

Retinaculum cutis superficialis

Attach the superficial fascia to the skin and are usually almost perpendicular.

Retinaculum cutis profundus

Attach the superficial fascia to the deep fascia and are usually more oblique and thinner than the superficial septa.

Skin ligaments (L. retinacula cutis)

Small fibrous bands that extend through the subcutaneous tissue and attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia.

Pilosebaceous Unit

The hair and its follicle, an associated arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland, and apocrine gland (sometimes).

Contraction of the arrector muscles of hairs (L. musculi arrector pili)

Erects the hairs, causing goose bumps.

Sebaceous Glands

Small saccular structures found in dermis that produce sebum

Sebum

A lipid secretory product and a key component of the epidermal barrier, having a key role in the skin's immune system.

Sweat Glands

Long, unbranched, tubular structures, each with a highly coiled, secretory portion up to 0.4 mm in diameter, situated deep in the dermis or hypodermis, for heat loss (cooling).

Nail apparatus

Nail plate, proximal and lateral nail folds, nail matrix, nail bed, and hyponychium.

Tension lines

Tend to spiral longitudinally in the limbs and run transversely in the neck and trunk.

Superficial burn

Damage is limited to the epidermis with erythema (hot red skin), pain, and edema (swelling); desquamation (peeling) of the superficial layer usually occurs several days later, but the layer is quickly replaced from the basal layer of the epidermis without significant scarring.

Partial-thickness burn

Epidermis and superficial dermis are damaged with blistering (superficial partial thickness) or loss (deep partial thickness). Nerve endings are damaged, making this variety the most painful.

Full-thickness burn

The entire thickness of the skin is damaged and often the subcutaneous tissue. There is marked edema and the burned area is numb since sensory endings are destroyed.

4th-degree burn

Damage extends through the entire thickness of the skin into underlying fascia, muscle, or bone and are life threatening.

Epidermal Burn

Erythematous, pink or red; irritated dermis with No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender.

Superficial partial-thickness Burn

Bright pink or red, mottled red; inflamed dermis; erythematous with blanching and brisk capillary refill with Intact blisters, moist weeping, or glistening surface when blisters removed; very painful, sensitive to changes in temperature, exposure to air currents, light touch.

Deep partial-thickness Burn

Mixed red, waxy white; blanching with slow capillary refill with Broken blisters, wet surface; sensitive to pressure but insensitive to light touch or soft pinprick

Full-thickness Burn

White (ischemic), charred, tan, fawn, mahogany, black, red (hemoglobin fixation); no blanching; thrombosed vessels; poor distal circulation with Parchment-like, leathery, rigid, dry; anesthetic; body hairs pull out easily.

Subdermal Burn

Charred with Subcutaneous tissue evident; anesthetic; muscle damage; neurological involvement

Severe burns

Cover 20% or more of the total body surface area (excluding superficial burns like sunburn), are complicated by trauma or inhalation injury, or are caused by chemicals or high-voltage electricity.

Factors that lead to an increased risk of an amputation

High blood sugar levels, smoking, nerve damage in the feet (peripheral neuropathy), Calluses or corns, and foot deformities.

Hemostasis

Wounding causes vascular injury and initiates fibrin–fibronectin clot formation.

Inflammation (Wound Healing)

Neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to wound sites within minutes of injury by a variety of chemotactic signals.

Proliferation phase of wound healing

Involves re- epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, which take place more or less simultaneously.

Remodeling (Wound Healing)

Persists for some time after closure of the defect.

Epimysium

Surrounds entire muscle belly.

Perimysium

Divides muscle into fascicles (groups of fibers) and provides conduit for blood vessels and nerves.

Endomysium

Surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Epineurium

Encloses Nerve Trunk.

Perineurium

Separates Fascicles.

Endoneurium

Separates Axons.

Fascia

Structures that have in common the Epi-, Peri-, and Endomysium; the Epi-, Peri-, and Endoneurium; and the Tunica Adventitia.

Collagen fibers in tendons

Has a largely unidirectional alignment parallel to these tensile forces.

Collagen fibers in ligaments

Has a varied arrangement that enables the ligament to resist forces from more than one direction.

Type I collagen

The most prevalent type of collagen and constitutes about 90% of body collagen.

Type II collagen

Main constituent of fibrillary component of cartilage.

Type III collagen

Reticular fibers that have a narrow diameter and typically do not form bundles to become thick fibers. They are arranged in a mesh-like pattern and provide a supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs, e.g. the liver.

Type IV collagen

Forms a web rather than fibrils and is a fundamental component of the basal lamina of epithelia.

Elastic Fibers

Composed of Elastin and Fibrillin and give tissues the ability to cope with stretch and distension.

Loose Connective Tissue

Creates a gliding surface between two muscles and permits their independent contraction and has a viscous, gel-like consistency.

Dense, Irregular Connective Tissue

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers and usually comprises the dermis and fasciae.

Dense, Regular Connective Tissue

White, flexible tissue that contains tightly packed bundles of collagen fibers.

White Adipose Tissue

Primary function is to store energy and act as a cushion.

Brown Adipose Tissue

Primary function is thermogenesis, and it contains more mitochondria than white adipose tissue.

Superficial Fascia

Formed by a net of collagen and elastic fibers arranged irregularly that plays a role in the integrity of the skin and supports subcutaneous structures, particularly the veins, ensuring their patency.

Deep Fascia

Refers to all the well-organized, dense, fibrous layers that interact with the muscles and connect different elements of the musculoskeletal system and transmit muscular force over a distance

Aponeurotic fasciae

Refers to all the ‘well-defined fibrous sheaths that cover, and keep in place, a group of muscles or serve for the insertion of a broad muscle’

Epimysial fasciae

Refers to all the thin but well-organized collagen layers that are strongly connected with muscles.

Hyaluranan (HA)

A lubricant that allows normal gliding of joint and connective tissues.

Myofascial Expansions

Help to reduce stress at the bony insertions and stimulate the alignment of collagen fibers along these lines of force.

Retinacula

From the Latin ‘retinere’, to restrain, meaning a structure that retains an organ or tissue in place, or from the Latin ‘rete’, net, for the typical configuration of fiber bundles that form a cross pattern, and serve as reinforcements for the deep fasciae rather than as separate structures.

Epimysial Fascia

The thin and well-organized fibrous layers that ensheath a muscle and define its form and structure.